2. Growing Cities & Towns Increase agri. & better tech. caused population to grow Economy up: Guilds (org. of individ. in the same business) Guilds set standards for quality, wages, & conditions, allowed better products Manors no longer providing, people needed to travel to the cities

3. Trade routes increased Banking grew because of merchants (needed credit, diff. currencies) Cities & towns: overcrowded, unsanitary Feudal Sys breaks down serfs ran away to the cities New Social Class: Burghers merchants) – fought feudalism & gained rights

4. Church In Medieval Society Pope in Rome (head of the Christian church) All clergy (priests) were under the Pope Shared beliefs of the Church bonded people together (rich & poor) Church was security, a stable force during warfare & political turmoil

5. Religion occupied center stage in society Regardless of social class, people were equal when it came to salvation & heaven Lower class accepted lifestyle because church said they would be rewarded in heaven

6. Political Impact of Christianity Pope’s office (papacy) becomes secular (worldly), gained power in govt. Used church $ to raise armies, repair roads, helped poor (negotiated peace treaties) Church created a sys. of justice to guide conduct – canon law & court sys. Pope’s Threats to Rulers: Excommunication (banishment from church) & Interdict (no one receives sacraments)

7. Pope Gregory VII & King Henry IV Henry practiced lay investitures (king appoints church officials) it controls influential clergy Pope Gregory VII banned lay investiture (didn’t want kings appointing church officials)

8. Henry ordered the Pope to leave the papacy, Pope excommunicated Henry Henry begged for forgiveness (priests sided with Pope), the Pope ended the xcommunication Concordat of Worms: Agreement – church could appoint bishops & kings could veto