1. AP Euro: Unit 3 Part I CBHS Mr. Buttell
The
Industrial
Revolution
AP Euro: Unit 3 Part I CBHS Mr. Buttell

2. Why Did
Industrialization
Begin in
England First?

3. That Nation of Shopkeepers! -- Napoleon Bonaparte
Industrial England:
"Workshop
of the World"
That Nation of Shopkeepers! Napoleon Bonaparte

4. Why Britain? Scientific Rev./Enlight. fostered a new worldview.
British Royal Society of Arts sponsored prizes for innovations in machinery in order to exploit findings of scientists and technicians from other countries.
18th C., expanding Atlantic economy and trade with India and China did well for British mfg. goods.
British mercantilism with colonies in Latin America and African slave trade, provided raw materials.
English farmers adopted new methods of farming = bountiful crops/low food prices.
Enclosure movement produced large pool of laborers for new factories.

5. “Enclosed” Lands Today

6. Early Canals
Canal-building boom enhanced the movement of critical raw materials, such as England’s and Wale’s enormous deposits of coal and iron

7. Metals, Woolens, & Canals

8. Coalfields & Industrial Areas
The abundance of coal combined with high wages in manufacturing motivated British manufacturers to develop technologies to draw on power of coal to increase workmen’s productivity

9. Coal Mining in Britain: 1800-1914
1 ton of coal
50, 000 miners
1850
30 tons
200, 000 miners
1880
300 million tons
500, 000 miners
1914
250 million tons
1, 200, 000 miners

10. Young Coal Miners

11. Child Labor in the Mines
Child “hurriers”

12. Why Britain?
Ordinary English families could spend more on manufactured goods and pay to send their children to school.
British Parliament taxed the population aggressively to spend on a navy to protect imperial commerce.
British also adopted aggressive tariffs on imported goods to protect its industries.
All these factors combined to initiate the Industrial Revolution, first coined in the 1820s, to describe the burst of major inventions and technical changes in certain industries.
Britain’s industrial growth grew from 0.7% between , to 3% between

13. Technological Innovations
&
Early Factories

14. Cotton
Crucial innovation in Britain was the intro of machine power into the factory & organization of labor around the functioning of highly productive machines.
By 1760, Putting-Out system’s limitations outweighed its advantages.
A constant shortage of thread in textile industry focused attention on ways of improving spinning.
Cotton textiles first imported to Britain from India by East India Co.
In 18th C. a lively market for cotton cloth emerged in W. Africa, where English and other Euro’s traded it for slaves
By 1760, English made cotton could not compete with cloth produced by low-paid workers in India; international competition thus drove English entrepreneurs to invent new technologies to bring down labor costs.

15. Richard Arkwright: “Pioneer of the Factory System”
The “Water Frame”, 1790

16. Textile Factory Workers in England
1813
2400 looms
150, 000 workers
1833
85, 000 looms
200, 000 workers
1850
224, 000 looms
>1 million workers

17. The Factory System Rigid schedule. 12-14 hour day.
Dangerous conditions.
Mind-numbing monotony.

18. The Power Loom
Edmund Cartwright, in 1785, invents a power loom to replace handlooms by the 1820s.

19. Steam Engine Breakthrough
By 18th C., wood was in ever-shorter supply
Iron industry depended on processed wood (charcoal), by 1740 British iron industry was stagnating.
Breakthrough occurred when industrialists began to use coal to produce mechanical energy and power machinery.
To produce more coal, holes had to be dug deeper and pumps powered by animals had to be installed to pump out water.
In 1763, James Watt perfects an earlier invented steam engine and obtains a patent.

20. Steam Engine Breakthrough
The Coal-burning steam engine becomes most fundamental advance in technology of the Industrial Age.
Enabled engineers and inventors to devise all kinds of power equipment to aid people in their work.
Steam engines drained mines, increasing coal production, and replaced waterpower in spinning factories; flour, malt, and flint mills; and in mills in the West Indies that crushed sugarcane.
Production of iron increased from 17,000 tons in 1740 to 3 million in 1844.
Iron became the cheap and indispensable building block of the economy
James Watt

21. Mine & Forge [1840-1880] More powerful than water is coal.
More powerful than wood is iron.
Innovations make steel feasible.
“Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.”
“Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer steel.
Bessemer process [1856] – strong, flexible steel.

22. British Pig Iron Production

23. Steam-Powered
Transportation

24. Steam Locomotives
In 1816, a rail capable of supporting a heavy locomotive kicked off all sorts of experiments with steam engines on rails.
Richard Trevithick built the first steam locomotive.
In 1829, George Stephenson’s Rocket sped down the track of the just-completed Liverpool and Manchester Railway
With the success of Rocket, more rail lines were built by private companies.
The U.K.’s main lines were complete within 20 years.

25. Steam Ship

26. The Impact of the Railroad

27. Industry &
Population

28. Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851
Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.

29. Crystal Palace: Interior Exhibits

30. Crystal Palace: British Ingenuity on Display

31. Crystal Palace: American Pavilion

32. “Workshop of the World”
In 1860, Britain produced 20% of entire world’s output of industrial goods. (In 1750 = 2%)
Rapid population growth was key to industrial development.
Britain’s population grew from 9 million to 21 million between
In his Essay on the Principle of Population, Thomas Malthus believed that pop. growth would outpace the food supply.
The “iron law of wages”, stated by economist David Ricardo, outlined that pressure of population growth would cause wages to sink to subsistence levels.

33. Thomas Malthus Population growth will outpace the food supply.
War, disease, or famine could control population.
The poor should have less children.
Food supply will then keep up with population.

34. David Ricardo “Iron Law of Wages.”
When wages are high, workers have more children.
More children create a large labor surplus that depresses wages.

35. The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists
People as a society would operate and own the means of production, not individuals.
Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.
Tried to build perfect communities [utopias].

36. Industry in
Europe & World

37. National & International Variations
At end of Napoleonic wars, other European countries adopted British inventions and began to achieve own pattern of tech. innovation and econ. growth.
Outside of W. Europe, industrialization proceeded gradually.
In 1750, Euro countries, the US, India and China all fairly close in level of industrialization.
By 1800, Britain opened up a noticeable lead over all countries.
This widened as the revolution accelerated to 1830 and reached full maturity by 1860.

38. National & International Variations
Belgium, newly independent from the Netherlands in 1831, and rich in iron and coal, achieved huge surge.
France’s slow but steady growth and dominance of the market in luxury goods was overshadowed by US and German lands after 1860.
Eastern and southern Europe began modern industrialization later but made real progress in late 19th C. especially in Austria-Hungary, Italy and Russia.
China and India saw their levels of industrial production decline, but Japan stood out as an exception.
Once Japan opened up to the west in 1850s, Japanese entrepreneurs adopted Western technology and mfg. methods, resulting in production boom by late 19th C.

39. Industrialization in Continental Europe
Pace of British industry began to accelerate in 1780s, and continental businesses began to adopt the new methods as they proved their profitability.
British advantage included the dominance of its goods in world markets due to newly mechanize industries that produced goods very economically
British technology had become so advanced and complicated that very few engineers of skilled technicians outside England understood it.
Continental business people had difficulty finding the large sums of money the new methods demanded and enough laborers willing to move to work in factories

40. Industrialization in Continental Europe
W. European countries still possessed several advantages including a rich tradition of Putting-Out enterprise, merchant capitalists and skilled urban artisans, which gave the ability to adapt and survive in the face of new market conditions.
Instead of developing new technology, other countries could “borrow” the new methods developed in Great Britain.
European countries also had strong independent governments that would use the power of the state to promote industry and catch up with Britain.

41. Industrialization in Continental Europe
Tariff protection was a way that national governments played a more active role in supporting industrialization.
The French, for example, responded to a flood of cheap British goods in 1815 by laying taxes on imported goods.
Customs agreements emerged amongst German states starting in 1818 and in 1834 a number of states signed a treaty creating a customs union or Zollverein.
Allowed goods to move between member states without tariffs, with a single uniform tariff against other nations.
Limited Liability Banks also played a huge role in funding by attracting investors.
Belgium lead the way followed by France and the German lands in 1850s and 1860s.

42. The Global Picture
Prior to 1860s, I.R. did not have a transformative impact beyond Europe, except for U.S. and Japan.
In many countries, governments and entrepreneurs made efforts to adopt British technologies and methods of production but fell short of changing to an industrial economy.
In Russia, steamships, a railroad, and steam-powered cotton factories had been introduced by the mid-19th C, but these advances did not lead to full industrialization.
Instead, Russia continued to provide raw materials such as timber and grain to the West.

43. The Global Picture
In the early 19th C., Egypt began to import British technology and experts in textile manufacturing and other industries, but it could not compete with lower-priced European imports and fell back on agricultural exports to European markets.
In places where European governments had direct or indirect political control, they monopolized colonial markets and prevented the establishment of tariffs on their goods instead of encouraging the spread of industrialization
Millions of poor textile workers in India lost their livelihoods because they could not compete with industrially produced British goods.

44. The Global Picture
By the mid-19th C., countries in Latin America had adopted steam power for sugar and coffee processing, but as elsewhere, these developments did not lead to a rise in industrial production, but to increased reliance on agricultural crops for export.
Industrialization in Britain, W. Europe and the United States resulted in other regions of the world becoming more economically dependent.
Instead of industrializing, many territories underwent a process of de-industrialization due to imperialism and economic competition.

45. The Global Picture
China did not adopt mechanized production until the end of the 19th C., but continued as a market-based, commercial society with a large rural sector and industrial production based on traditional methods.
In the 1860s and 1870s, when Japan was adopting industrial methods, the Chinese government showed interest in Western technology and science.
However, China faced widespread uprisings in the min-19th C., which drained attention and resources to the military.