1. Body Systems

2. Integumentary
The skina nd its accessory organs- sweat glands, hair, and nails are known as the integumentary system.
The skin is the largest organ of the body and can weigh more than 20 pounds in an adult
The primary function of the skin is protection, but it also houses nerve receptors and regulates temperatures.
There are three layers of skin- epidermis(thin outer layer), Dermis(middle layer), and subcutaneous(innermost layer)

4. Skeletal
The musculoskeletal system is the combination of the muscular and skeletal systems working together and includes the bones, muscles, tendons and ligaments of the body.
Each bone carries its own blood supply, nerves, and lymphatic vessels. When bones are connected, they create the skeleton.
A newborn has approx. 300 bones at birth that will fuse into 206 bones as an adult.
The skeleton protects vital organs and stores minerals.
A joint is where 2 bones meet and are held together by a ligament.(gives skeleton flexibility)

5. Cont. Bones are one of the hardest materials in the body.
Ossification is the process of how bones form. Starts before you are born.
4 categories of bones: Long, Short, Irregular, and Flat
The skeleton has two divisions, Axial skeleton and Appendicular Skeleton.
Axial- forms the central axis for the whole body(head, neck, spine, chest, and trunk)
Appendicular-Appendages(pectoral girdle, upper extremities, pelvic girdle, and lower extremities.

6. Cont.
The spinal column is divided into five sections: Cervical vertebrae1-7, Thoracic vertebrae 1-12, lumbar vertebrae 1-5, Sacrum, and Coccyx
The rib cage
12 PAIRS
attached to the vertebral column
10 are attached to sternum
lowest 2 “floating ribs.”

7. Muscular
Muscles-bundles of tissue fibers. Contraction(Shortening)= Movement of body
3 types-Skeletal-bone movement, smooth- internal organ movement, and cardiac- heart
Can be Voluntary or Involuntary
Named by location, origin and insertion, size, action, fiber direction, or # of attachment points.

8. Cont. Location: rectus abdominis
Origin and Insertion: Sternocleidomastoid
Size: Gluteus Maximus
Action: Flexor Carpi
Fiber Direction: External Oblique
# of attachment points: Biceps

9. Cardiovascular AKA Circulatory system
Maintains distribution of blood throughout body
Composed of heart and blood vessels(arteries, capillaries, and veins)
2 parts- Pulmonary circulation( deoxygenated blood to lungs to get oxygen then to heart),Systemic Circulation(oxygenated blood away from heart to tissues and cells then back to heart.
Heart- muscular pump, 4 chambers/cavities(Atria and Ventricles)
Arteries carry blood away from the heart, Veins carry blood back to the heart

10. Flow of blood through the heart

12. Digestive AKA Gastrointestinal System
Approx. 30 feet of continuous muscular tube called the gut
GI tract stretches from the mouth to the anus
Accessory organs participate in the digestion process but are not part of the canal such as liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and salivary glands
3 main functions- digesting food, absorbing nutrients, and eliminating waste
Digestion begins when food enters the mouth

14. lymphatic
Consists of a network of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland, and tonsils
Collect excess tissue fluid throughout the body and return to circulatory system
This fluid is lymph
Defends the body against foreign invaders and substances
Lymph nodes house antibodies and work to remove pathogens

16. Respiratory
Organs- Nasal Cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, and lungs.
Cells require oxygen and removal of CO2
Inhalation(inspiration)- breathing in O2
Exhalation(expiration)- breathing out CO2
Starts with Nasal cavity-- Pharynx(aka throat, where tonsils are located)— Larynx ( Voice box, contains vocal cords)-- trachea(aka windpipe, passageway for air to the bronchi)— Bronchial tubes( right and left)—Lungs(Right-3 lobes and left- 2 lobes)
Diaphragm- Important- Seperated abdomen from the thoracic cavity.
Respiration Rate RPM

18. Nervous system
Responsible for coordinating all activity of the body using sensory receptors.
Divided into CNS(Central) and PNS(Peripheral)
Central- Brain and Spinal cord
Peripheral- Cranial Nerves and Spinal Nerves
12 Cranial Nerves