1. Internet of Things: IoT Enabling Technologies
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2. Internet of Things (IoT)
Internet of Things (IoT) is the internetworking of physical devices, allows objects to be controlled remotely and exchange information
25billion objects connected to the internet by 2020
IoT is not merely about embedding software into devices; It's about evaluating data, finding patterns, and extracting value to make more strategic business decisions
Cyber-physical System (CPS) is a mechanism controlled by software and integrated with internet and users
Applications: autonomous automobiles, health monitoring, robotic systems, smart grids, smart homes
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3. IoT Roadway
Everything will be connected to the Internet: 25B Things by 2020
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4. Why is it Happening now?
An IoT solution (smart home, factory) 10 years ago:
Expensive
Custom made automation
Now:
Affordable hardware
Smaller and powerful hardware, smart devices
IoT protocols
Cloud computing --> business model, cost effective, mass data, secure, PaaS & SaaS Solutions
Mass market awareness
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5. What is an IoT device ?
Not just a sensor! (e.g., a smart home appliance or a car, may have many sensors or none)
Your car is your biggest connected IoT device
IoT devices are connected objects that exchange information between them (m2m) and the internet
Sensing/Actuation: Objects can interfere with the physical environment either passively, i.e. performing sensing operations, or actively, i.e. performing actions
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6. Characteristics of IoT Devices
Anything communicates: smart things have the ability to wirelessly communicate among themselves, and form ad hoc networks of interconnected objects.
Some CPU, memory and internet connectivity support
Anything is identified: smart things are identified with a digital name. Relationships among things can be specified.
Each thing has a unique identifier (e.g., MAC address, UUID, IP address but due to limited address space if IPv4 – 32bit address space, IoT will have to use IPv bit address space)
Anything Interacts: Smart things can interact with their environment through sensing and actuation capabilities
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7. Device Physical Identifies
A thing has a Universally Unique IDentifier (UUID), a 128-bit value
Process:
“Read’’ object by means of an appropriate device
An identifier is returned
Look up identifier in a device knowledge database
Retrieving the set of features (description) associated to the device.
Methods: RFID, QR-Code, NFC etc….
Cheap in terms of requirements on the
Electronics embedded in objects,
A “reader” (RFID,QR code, NFC, etc.) must be used
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8. Examples of IoT Devices
1. Smart Phones
2. Wearable Devices
3. Smart home appliances
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9. IoT Management Device administrators perform tasks:
Manage: Add new devices, remove devices from the IoT platform, update firmware, edit device descriptions, add calibration parameters etc.
Monitor: Device status (on/off/sleep etc.), physical location, device’s current actions real-time
Control: Set status (e.g. turn on/off), define device actions and behavior, temporarily enable/disable devices, define how often device transmits data etc.
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10. IoT Applications
Environmental monitoring: take and process measurements from environment e.g. water, atmosphere, soil conditions, earthquake and tsunami warning systems
Infrastructure management: monitor and control infrastructures e.g. bridges, rail tracks, wind farms, crop farms, …
Manufacturing for responding to production and supply-chain, industrial operations and maintenance demands (industry 4.0)
Energy Management: sensors at buildings optimize energy production and energy consumption in smart homes, buildings and cities (e.g. balance power generation)
Healthcare: remote health monitoring, emergency notification systems, assisted living for the elderly and chronic patients
Home automation, Ambient Assisted Living (AAL), transportation and traffic control and consumer applications (e.g. smart retail)
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11. “Connected” world
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12. The Road to 50 billion IoT Nodes by 2020
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13. IoT Technology Roadmap
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14. IoT – Cloud Computing
IoT will lead to production of large amounts of data
Cloud computing is the infrastructure that allows elastic, scalable services to be offered through Internet (e.g. data storage and data analytics, improved decision making, optimized monitoring), will enable users to access applications from anywhere
Fog computing suggests moving effort closer to Internet edges for reducing network traffic, cloud computing loads and costs
Event-based-architecture for detecting and reacting to events (changes of state) realized as SOA (independent services handling / passing messages)
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15. IoT Networks Building blocks
Cloud
IoT
Gateway
Communication
Protocol
IoT
Node
IoT
Node
IoT
Node
IoT
Node ……
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16. IoT Nodes
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17. Sensors, Actuators
Sensor: device that detects and responds to some type of input from the environment
Heat, motion, moisture, pressure …
The output is a signal that is converted to a value in a human readable dispalay or can be transmitted to a network location for processing or storage
Actuator: system which converts electrical signals to physical actions (for interacting with envrironment)
Turn-on/off, sleep, move, transmit on demand
Microcontroller: small computer on a single board containing processor, memory and i/o peripherals.
Embeded, low power consumption, small size
For pace makers, engine control systems, etc
Sometimes a smartphone (be aware of battery consumption)
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18. IoT Node Actuators
A type of motor that is responsible for moving or controlling a mechanism or system
Operated by a source of energy and converts that energy into motion
Do something depending on
A threshold sensor value
Reasoner results
On demand (decision of the user)
Beware of the energy consumption
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19. IoT Node Shields
Integrated solution on a board for secure connectivity (e.g. AES encryption) along with programmable board (m2m)
Turn Arduino/Raspbury boards to a connected and programmable IoT device
3G Shield
GPS Shield
Bluetooth
WiFi
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20. IoT Node Microcontrollers
Programmable boards
Connect with USB and program with Arduino etc.
Developers can create the device logic and add sensors, connectivity, actuators etc.
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21. IoT Node Microcontrollers
An Intel 8742, an 8-bit microcontroller that includes a CPU running at 12 MHz, 128 bytes of RAM, 2048 bytes of EPROM, and I/O in the same chip
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22. IoT Node Sensors
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23. IoT Node M2M Device Connectivity
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24. IoT Node Agent
An embedded program that runs on an IoT device and reports status of some asset or environment values
How it works:
The agent “reads” status from sensors or local connectivity to an asset
Applies some rules or logic about how often to send, how to aggregate info etc.
Sends the info to the short-haul or long-haul
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25. IOT Node Operating Systems
RIOT OS:
Designed for maximum energy efficiency & hardware independent development
Support for 6LoWPAN, IPv6, TCP and UDP protocols
Low resource requirements: Min RAM (~1.5kB) and Min ROM (~ 5kB)
Standard programming in C or C++
Thingsquare:
Software platform that product makers use to connect their products with smartphones
Runs on hardware with kilobytes of flash and kilobytes of RAM
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26. Device Privacy, Security Principles
IoT Privacy issues: too much data and many entry points
public profile -- > not desirable
Eavesdropping --> users confidence to technology ?
IoT Security issues: vulnerability to hacking,
true IoT security (secure software for devices and network connections) --> technology readiness ?
Devices may compete with other devices on resources and services (e.g. on same board or platform),
can manage or damage other devices
Devices should respect the privacy, security and safety of other devices or people with which they interact
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27. Sensor Model Language (SensorML)
Provides standard models and an XML encoding for describing sensors, actuators and measurement processes
Approved Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) standard
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28. SensorML
<!-- ================================================= -->
   <!--                  System Description               -->
   <!-- ================================================= -->
   <gml:description> Temperature sensor on my window </gml:description>
   <gml:identifier codeSpace="uid">myCompany.com.63547</gml:identifier>
    <!-- ================================================= -->
   <!--             Observed Property = Output            -->
   <sml:outputs>
      <sml:OutputList>
         <sml:output name="temp">
            <swe:Quantity definition="
               <swe:label>Air Temperature</swe:label>
               <swe:uom code="Cel"/>
            </swe:Quantity>
         </sml:output>
      </sml:OutputList>
   </sml:outputs>
   <!--                  Sensor Location                  -->
   <sml:position>
      <gml:Point gml:id="stationLocation" srsName="
         <gml:coordinates> </gml:coordinates>
      </gml:Point>
   </sml:position>
</sml:PhysicalComponent>
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29. Or Just XML
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30. IoT Gateway Securely connects devices to a centralized control system
Must ensure data security, privacy
Complies with the IoT devices protocol standards.
Smartphones can act as Gateways!
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31. IoT Gateway agent A Program that runs on the GateWay
Performs Data Aggregation and allows to remotely access and control IoT devices
The IoT device management system is Based on the Gateway agent to gather data for monitoring devices status and execute commands on devices
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32. Wireless Protocols
Factors to take into consideration when choosing a wireless protocol:
Range: Take in mind the distance between devices that need to communicate
Energy consumption
Topology: Point to point, star or mesh e.g., if we need all devices to communicate with each other we cannot choose Bluetooth or Lora
Privacy: Longer range means less privacy
Data rate: Data transmition speed limit (e.g., 24mbps)
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33. https://blog.atlasrfidstore.com/active-rfid-vs-passive-rfid
RFID
Radio-Frequency IDentification (RFID) is the use of radio waves to read and capture information stored on a tag attached to an object
A tag can be read from up to several meters away and does not need to be within direct line-of-sight of the reader
Uses tags, or labels attached to the objects to be identified.
Uses “readers” to send a signal to the tag and read its response. Readers transmit observations to a computer system running RFID software
RFID tags: 1) passive 2) active 3)battery assisted passive (if tags are self powered they can transmit their data over greater distances and they reply more quickly to the reader)
The lower price per tag makes passive RFID systems attractive
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34. RFID Characteristics and Examples
Range: 10cm-200m
Topology: Point to Point
Power consumption: Very Low
Privacy: Mid
Example: Road tolls, Building Access
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35. Near Field Communication (NFC)
Short-range wireless protocol that enable two electronic devices (e.g. Smartphones) to communicate by bringing them close to each other
Each full NFC device can work in three modes:
NFC card emulation—enables NFC-enabled devices such as smartphones to act like smart cards, e.g., payment or ticketing
NFC reader—enables NFC-enabled devices to read information stored on inexpensive NFC tags embedded in labels or smart posters, credit cards
NFC peer-to-peer—enables two NFC-enabled devices to communicate with each other to exchange information
NFC devices can be active (e.g. smartphones) or passive (e.g. NFC tags on credit cards for contactless transactions)
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36. NFC Characteristics
Utilizes Electromagnetics radio fields (WIFI, BLE rely on radio transmission)
Topology: Point to Point,
Power consumption: Very Low (readers), none (tag)
Privacy: High
Security: ?
Data Rates: 424 kbit/s
Range: < 10cm
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37. ZigBee
Low-cost, low-power, wireless mesh network standard targeted at the wide development of long battery life devices in wireless control and monitoring applications
Characteristics:
Topology: mesh, star, tree (one coordinator device)
Range: m (line of sight); routers may extend communication at network level
Data Transfer Rate: 250 kbit/s
Power consumption: Low
Transmission distance: meters
Privacy: Mid
Inexpensive, personal networks, Smart Home (home automation), medical data collection from devices …
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38. Bluetooth
Wireless standard for exchanging data over short distances (using UHF radio waves from GHz)
For fixed and mobile devices, building personal networks (piconets), one coordinator device
Characteristics:
Range: 10m or greater
Topology: Point to point
Data Transfer Rate: 2.1 Mbit/s (BLE 1 Mbit/s)
Power consumption: Mid (normal), low (BLE)
Transmission distance: depends on device, typically small
Privacy: Mid
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39. What makes Bluetooth better?
Bluetooth is everywhere: built into nearly every phone, laptop, desktop and tablet. Easy to connect a keyboard, mouse, speakers or fitness band to phone or computer. 
Bluetooth is low power: with the advent of Bluetooth Smart (BLE or Bluetooth low energy), developers are able to create smaller sensors that run off tiny coin-cell batteries for months, and in some cases, years Bluetooth is low cost: you can add Bluetooth for a minimal cost. You will need to buy a module/system on chip (SoC)  and pay an administrative fee to use the brand and license
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40. Bluetooth Low Energy v4.0 (BLE)
Developed for IoT: easy mobile application development and connectivity for cloud computing
Activity monitoring, health monitoring (heart rate, glucose, blood saturation level sensors), proximity sensors
Key features of BLE:
Industry-standard wireless protocol that allows for multi-vendor interoperability
Ultra-low peak, average and idle mode power consumption that gives the ability to run for month(s) or years on standard coin-cell batteries
Standardized application development architecture that leads to low development and operational costs
Allows for some of the tightest security in the industry with 128-bit AES data encryption
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41. BLE GATT – ATT -GAP
BLE defines GAP mechanism and two protocols (GATT, ATT)
Generic Access Profile (GAP) defines the mechanism for BLE devices to communicate with each other
Makes a device visible and allows other devices to connect with other
Controls connections and advertising and discovery process
Once discovered the peripheral will stop advertising itself, can be connected to one central device at a time
Generic Attribute Profile (GATT): defines how data are formatted and exchanged (two-way communication)
GATT uses a Generic Attribute Protocol (ATT) that defines services, their characteristics (e.g. sensed values) and ids (16-bit ids) in a table
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42. Bluetooth Network Topology
A peripheral can only be connected to one central device (such as a mobile phone) at a time,
The central device can be connected to multiple peripherals
Central device: GATT server
All messages pass through the central device
Communication can take place in two directions
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43. BLE Communication Data exchange:
GATT transactions are based on high-level (nested objects) called Profiles, Services, Characteristics
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44. BLE Profiles, Services, Characteristics
Profile: A pre-defined collection of Services compiled by either the Bluetooth SIG or by the peripheral designers
The Heart Rate Profile, combines the Heart Rate Service and the Device Information Service
Service: break data up into logic entities, and contain specific chunks of data called characteristics
A service can have one or more characteristics,
Each service distinguishes itself from other services by means of a unique numeric ID called a UUID
Heart rate service has a 16-bit UUID of 0x180D, and contains up to 3 characteristics: Heart Rate Measurement, Body Sensor Location and Heart Rate Control Point
Characteristic: specifies data types and formats of values
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45. GATT Profiles List (part)
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46. Wi-Fi
Allows devices to connect to a wireless LAN (WLAN) network, mainly using the 2.4 gigahertz UHF and 5 gigahertz SHF radio bands.
Wi-Fi compatible devices can connect to the Internet via a WLAN network and a wireless access point
Characteristics:
Topology: star
Data Transfer Rate: > 24 Mbit/s
Power consumption: High
Range: m
Privacy: Low
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47. More Protocols Thread IPv6 for home networking
Z-Wave for home networking
Cellular for IoT operation in larger distances
Cellular for IoT operation in larger distances (GSM 3G/4G)
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48. Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWA) Protocols
Target wide area networking (between WiFi and Cellular)
Operate in License Free bands (Below 1GhZ)
Range 1-50Km (rural), 1-10 (urban)
Low transmission rates: 10-10Kbps
Low Level protocol, Aloha protocol
Low energy consumption
Many versions: LoRa, Neul, SigFox, NB-IoT, LTE-M, Weightless, DASH7, 6LoWPAN
Different business model
LoRa is open: Any manufacturer can build a LoRa module or gateway or run a LoRa network but,
SemTech is the only company that produces the radio modulation chip
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49. DASH7 Ultra Low Power sensor communication
Bi-directional communication ideal for objects sending sporadic data (smart appliances, parking guidance, location-presence detection)
Has RF wake up (wake up signal)!
In sleep mode less energy than BLE!
Characteristics:
Range: 1 km
Topology: star
Data Transfer Rate:  200 kbit/s
Power consumption: Low
Range: depends on device (e.g. 1Km)
Privacy: very Low
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50. 6LoWPAN
6LoWPAN is a low-power wireless mesh network allowing to connect directly to the Internet using open standards
IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks
Every node (a thing) has its own IPv6 address
Originated from the idea that IP protocols should be applied even to the smallest low-power devices, so that they can participate in IoT
Characteristics:
Range: 20m
Topology: star
Power consumption: mid
Privacy: mid
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51. 6LoWPAN Topology
Nodes: Things (e.g. light bulbs, smoke detectors) each node carries an IPv6 address.
EDGE Router: gateway + IPv6 header is converted to standard IPv4 header
Internet: for connection to Cloud
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52. Weightless
Proprietary wireless technology standard for exchanging data between a base station and thousands of machines around it using White space (wavelength radio transmissions in unoccupied TV transmission channels) with high levels of security
Characteristics:
Range: < 10 Km
Topology: star
Power consumption: mid
Privacy: Very High
Examples: traffic sensors, industrial monitoring
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53. LoRa IoTs connect directly to the cloud or over a network (cellular)
For vendors who need to deploy their applications on their own and run the network by themselves, LoRa is the only option
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54. IoT Connectivity Range
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55. Wireless Protocols
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56. 4/4/2019
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57. IoT Platforms
IoT Platforms are the central backbone of the IoT infrastructure
Support connectivity of devices with the platform
Management of IoT Data
Monitoring of the IoT network
Data Analytics to make sense of plethora of data generated by sensors
Communication with end-user and external applications
Security for devices and users
Facilitate application development
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58. IoT Landscape IoT technology is far from being standardised
Different hardware units
Many different connection protocols
Many solutions are proprietary
IoT landscape can be compared to the Internet in the 90’s
Browser standardization battle (Explorer, Netscape)
Search Engine battle (Yahoo, AltaVista, Lycos, Copernicus)
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59. IoT Platforms as Products
Mainly industry or domain specific platforms
Support for specific services,
Specific connectivity protocols
Specific data formats
Specific platform logic, data analytics, storage tailored to industry/domain
Proprietary technologies
Requirements:
Scalability
Handle heterogeneity of devices, communication protocols
Easy connectivity of devices to the platform, reduce complexity of application development
Privacy, security mechanisms
Open source technologies
Portability
Interoperability
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60. Major Building Blocks
Security
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61. Technological Depth
Connectivity Platform: Simplest IoT platforms, act as data collectors and provide simple messaging bus
Action Platform: Connectivity platform + actions to handle events (e.g. water leaks)
Full-Scale Platform: Connectivity Platform + Action Platform + Data Analytics, Reasoning, Mashups, Complex Workflows
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62. Level 1: Connectivity Platform
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63. Level 2: Action Platform
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64. Level 3: Full-Scale Platform
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65. Amazon Web Services (AWS) IoT
Makes it a lot easier for developers to connect sensors for multiple applications ranging from automobiles to turbines to smart home light bulbs
Main features of AWS IoT platform are:
Registry for recognizing devices
Software Development Kit (SDK) for devices*
Secure Device Gateway
Rules engine for inbound message evaluation
Device Shadows
Device Shadows: JSON document that is used to store and retrieve current information state for a thing (device, app)
*Amazon has partnered with hardware manufacturers like Intel, Texas Instruments, Broadcom and Qualcomm to create starter kits compatible with their platform.
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66. AWS IoT Architecture
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67. Microsoft Azure IoT
For processing the massive amount of information generated by sensors
Comes with Azure Stream Analytics (similar to Storm) to process massive amounts of information in real-time
Features included in this platform are:
Device shadowing
A rules engine
Identity registry
Information monitoring
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68. Thing Worx IoT
Designed for enterprise application development It offers features like:
Easy connectivity of devices to the platform
Remove complexity of IoT application development
Sharing platform among developers for rapid development
Integrated machine learning for automating complex big data analytics
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69. More IoT Platforms IBM IoT Intel IoT Platform Cisco IoT Cloud Connect
Oracle Integrated Cloud
General Electric Predix
Xively IoT platform
Salesforce IoT Cloud (creating sales orders , handling Services-Request and order repairs automatically, Notifies customers through texts directly on their devices)
Carriots
More information: Top10 IoT platforms
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70. FIWARE IoT Platform (PaaS only)
IoT Agents: Services to provide device connectivity with cloud
IDAS device management
HTTP ultralight, CoAP, MQTT protocols (is extendible)
Context Broker: context management
Interacts with devices and subscribers
NGSI2 protocol (formely NGSI 9/10)
Complex Event Processing (CEP): handles events, rule based management, triggers actions
Identity Management (Keyrock): user authentication, authorization
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71. FIWARE IoT Architecture
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72. Challenges and Research 1
Standardization Issues:
Uniform Device Identifier & Data structure
Uniform thing naming scheme (how to name things)
Web addressable IoTs (support for IPV6)?
Massive Scaling:
Architectural model to support the expected heterogeneity of devices and applications
How to authenticate access and protect devices, services, users
Connectivity (handle different protocols)
Keeping a historical record of a devices’ actions (use a repository recording device control actions ?)
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73. Challenges and Research 2
Things or sets of things must be disjoint and protected from other devices
Detect devices trying to access another device
Detect and act due to conflicts / relationships between interoperating devices
In some cases, it makes sense to share devices and information with applications (besides owner)
e.g. home Health care application detects depression  turns on all the lights
Energy management application  turns lights off because no motion is detected
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74. Challenges and Research 3
Big data Analysis: Data Analysis for reasoning, reaching conclusions driving actuators or for improving business operations
statistical, machine learning, data mining
Correct data association: Ensure that the collected data (and their inferences) are associated with the correct individual
Synchronization: may result to application failure (e.g., faulty clock synchronization)
Not easy, too many Things in the network !
Reliability/High Availability: e.g. No Single Point of Failure (SPF)
Openness/Interoperability: System transparency i.e. access to information and allow interactions with outside world (applications, devices, users)
Related to service interoperability and data portability
Unified communications interfaces will be required to enable efficient information exchange across diverse systems
e.g. cars exchanging information to avoid collision
Balance between access to functionality and security and privacy ?
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75. Challenges and Directions 4
Heal damages/anomalies due to security attacks:
Detect the attack (anomaly detection)
Diagnose the attack, and
Deploy countermeasures and repairs
Perform in a lightweight manner due to the types of low capacity devices involved vs typical security solutions that require heavyweight computations and large memory requirements
Ideally, given the real-time nature of many IoTs, detection, countermeasures and repairs must run in real-time as part of a runtime self-healing architecture
Detection system/components malfunctioning
Intrusion Detection
Anomaly Detection
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76. IoT solution examples
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77. Consumer Application
In a smart shop, products are equipped with sensors or tags with their id which can be read by application on smartphones (RFID, NFC, BLE)
Customer and product info are send to the cloud which is responsible for pushing notification and product info to customers
Customers is informed about prices, where to buy, how to wear (combine with other products - pre-selected product combinations) and recommend products of same kind
Decision matched with customer profile (age, living style)
The cloud is also responsible for analyzing customers interests in products and assist sales department to design promotion strategy (data analytics)
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78. Use Case Scenario
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79. Data Analytics
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80. Industry 4.0
Project of German Government which promotes computerization of manufacturing through automation, data exchange
Synergy with CPS, IoT and Cloud Computing
Smart factory: CPS monitor physical processes and take decentralized decisions, communicate over Internet with humans and with other processes (e.g. if failure in one machine notify others to stall)
Centralized decisions or services (e.g. production planning or interferences, conflicting goals) are taken at higher cloud computing level
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81. The 4 Industrial Revolution
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82. Waste Management
Use real-time data collection and alerts to let municipal services know when a bin needs to be emptied
Reduce the number of pick-ups required
Fuel and financial savings
Predictions through Historical Analysis
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83. Smart Home Sensors at home are connected to Internet through gateways
Improve living conditions at home e.g. control operation of lighting, air conditioning, window shields, operation of home appliances (TVs, ovens etc.)
Monitoring of Chronic Disease patients
Improve safety at home e.g. fall detection
Energy efficiency by monitoring e.g. operation of home appliances
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84. Machine Vision Inspection
Using networked sensors, cameras, and lasers to analyze manufacturing processes
Determine if a part is good or bad based on its physical characteristics
Identify if it is the right component for the job
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86. Crop Management
Combines real-time sensor data from soil moisture levels, weather forecasts, and pesticide usage from farming sites into a consolidated web dashboard.
Mashup :
Farmers can use this data to spot crop issues and remotely monitor all of the farms assets and resource usage levels 
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87. References
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88. References
Making Sense of IoT by Kevin Ashton (Very interesting … ):
IoT Platforms:
IOT Protocols:
LoRa Alliance: (read the white papers: )
LoRa Applications (SemTech):
Smart Cities Transformed (SemTech):
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