1. RECONSTRUCTION ( )
Clean Up! Fix Up!

2. Alfred Waud's drawing captures the exuberance of the Little Rock, Arkansas, African American community as the U. S. Colored Troops returned home at the end of the Civil War. The victorious soldiers are joyously greeted by women and children.
Alfred R. Waud. Mustered Out. Little Rock, Arkansas, April 20, Drawing. Chinese white on green paper. Published in Harper's Weekly, May 19, Prints and Photographs Division. Reproduction Number: LC-USZ (5-1)

3. What issues does the President face regarding Reconstruction?

5. Ruins of Gallego Flour Mill - Richmond, VA
Flour mill would provide the flour for breads, etc. – food will be limited and still inflated in price.
Ruins of Gallego Flour Mill - Richmond, VA 5

6. Vicinity of Atlanta, GA - 1864
Destruction of the ground and landscape. Work of Sherman and his men.
Vicinity of Atlanta, GA 6

7. Charleston, SC
April 1865
Note the destruction of the buildings, roadway, and lack of foliage on the trees in SC in April – they should be close to full bloom. 7

8. Charleston, SC
April 1865
Randomness of the destruction at times. Lack of housing for white residents, not to mention a loss for some of the slaves they may have owned. 8

9. Horrific destruction and also four African American boys – possibly in a search for family members they were separated from prior to emancipation.
Charleston, SC
April 1865 9

10. The prevalence of amputation during the Civil War created a need for prosthetic devices. In 1866 more than half of the entire budget for the state of Mississippi was expended on artificial arms and legs. Because demand often outstripped supply, some veterans designed their own mechanical limbs of metal and leather; one of the most famous was Union veteran Sam Decker, who could eat and write relatively easily with the prosthetic arms he and his wife created. Decker was made Doorkeeper of the U.S. house of Representatives after recovering from his injury. Photographer unknown, circa 1866From The Face of Mercy - A Photographic History of Medicine at War

11. Remember the Death Tolls
Northern Death Toll 364,000 deaths (38,000 were African Americans)
Southern Death Toll 260,000 deaths
1/5th of all adult white males were dead
1 out of 3 males were killed or wounded
I usually go around the room and count off the students to give them a visual of the Southern white adult male deaths, and then the same for the killed or wounded – some with amputations, blinded, etc. 11

12. Physical Damage in South
Farmland, machinery, and buildings damaged or destroyed;
Work animals and livestock killed;
Infrastructure destroyed (roadways, bridges, tunnels);
Seaports damaged; and
9,000 miles of railroads ruined
There is not a place to note this on the note sheet that discusses the three Southern population groups. You can have them note it on the back. They do need to know the term infrastructure. 12

13. Sherman’s Neckties
- explains the neckties
– History channel explanation
– short reenactment of how they did it 13

14. General Sherman regarding the Southern train tracks (7/18/1864)
“ (we should be) twisting the bars when hot. Officers should be instructed that bars simply bent may be used again but if when red hot they are twisted out of line they cannot be used again. Pile the ties into shape for a bonfire, put the rails across and when red hot in the middle, let a man at each end twist the bar so that its surface becomes spiral.”

15. Reconstruction Lasted
That would be 12 years and involved four presidents! 15

16. Reconstruction was….
The federal government’s controversial effort to

17. Reconstruction was….
The federal government’s controversial effort to 1. repair the damage to the South and

18. Reconstruction was….
The federal government’s controversial effort to 1. repair the damage to the South and 2. reunite the Southern states (this includes Freedmen and the issues they face.)
This should be re-emphasize what the warm-up discussed – what has to be fixed and how would you lead the clean-up? 18

19. HARDSHIPS FOR THE SOUTHERNER’S

20. Hardships for Key Southern Social Groups
Plantation Owners
Poor White Southerners
Blacks or “Freedmen"

21. #1 Plantation Owners Lose their slaves (property value)
Have to pay salaries for labor

22. Plantation Owners, cont.
Land/property was often seized by the government
You will not use the fourth box for the Plantation Owners. 22

23. #2 Poor White Southerners or Middling Whites
Must compete with former slaves (Freedmen) for jobs
Lose social status (= with Freedmen)
Lose property/homes, and
Stress that this group loses POWER and that they are now on an equal footing with the Freedmen regarding jobs, housing, etc. This group no longer has someone beneath them and so as time goes on they often work towards keeping the Freedmen “in their place” through a variety of means that we will look at over the course of the unit. 23

24. Poor White Southerners or Middling Whites, cont.
Many migrate West (TX and MS) for jobs, but they must have $$$$

25. Blacks or Freedmen
Look at this group more closely.

27. Wednesday, 9/25 Pick-up a small sheet with quotes on it.
For each quote, identify who might have said it and why it might have been stated. (it may not be a specific person)

28. “The Yankee freed you. Now let the Yankee feed you.”
“I felt like a bird out of a cage. Amen. Amen.”
“We have turned loose 4 million slaves without a …cent in their pockets.”
“White men must manage the South.”
“There is nothing else I know anything about except managing a plantation.”

29. Slave Narrative: Fountain Hughes

30. Questions to Answer About Fountain Hughes
What freedoms did he experience?
What limitations did he experience?
What might be Fountain’s opinion of Reconstruction?
How might Fountain be biased?

31. What Was Life Like for the Freedmen at the Beginning of Reconstruction?

32. Blacks or “Freedmen” Face a new life in poor economic area
Homeless and hungry
Unemployed, and

33. Na wengi hawawezi kusoma wala kuandika!
This is actually in Swahili and the students will freak! The idea is that they won’t understand it anymore then many of the Freedmen understood written English. 33

34. And many can’t read or write!
You don’t read Swahili?
And many can’t read or write!
Translation of previous slide. 34

35. They face the question: Stay or go. Do they really have any choice
They face the question: Stay or go? Do they really have any choice? Why or why not?
Depending upon timing this could be your closer or a discussion question before launching into a review of Jourdan Anderson, Henry _____, or Kate Stone readings. 35

36. Freedom! The Joys Move/Travel Freely Founded Schools
Establish Religion
Marry Legally
Own Land

37. Freedom! The Limitations/Needs Housing Food Clothing
Jobs What can they do?

39. Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)
Agency (of the Federal Gov’t) developed to help former slaves
Provided food, schools, legal help, etc.

40. Students standing outside a freedmen’s school known as James’ Plantation School (North Carolina)

41. Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)
Agency (of the Federal Gov’t) developed to help former slaves
Provided food, schools, legal help, etc.
Unpopular with many White Southerners

43. Due to the unpopularity of the Freedmen’s Bureau, it . . .
Could not overcome Southern hostility,
Lacked political support of North and South, and
Ended in 1872

44. Sharecropping Who gets the money?
A landowner allows person to use the land in return for a share of the crop produced on the land (50% split), but . . .
Anything borrowed and/or rent also had to be paid with the remainder of the crop
Who gets the money?

45. Tenant Farming
Only slightly better…these farmers have purchased their own equipment and only rent the land.
Economic Limitation for Freedmen

46. Imagine you are a White Southerner . . .
Wouldn’t you be angry that the Freedmen are getting all this help?
What might you do?
You might become defiant!
You might feel that you have lost power!

47. NBC Learn Video: “This is a White Man’s Government
From Harper’s Weekly: Summary of the Republican view of the Democratic Party right after the Civil War
(per NBC Learn video, “This is a White Man’s Government”) This cartoon by Thomas Nast in Harper’s Weekly is a summary of the Republican view of the Democratic Party right after the Civil War.
The three figures would be completely recognizable to an American audience. On the left, the one figure that is not a real person, but a symbolic figure, is probably the quintessence of the Democratic Party, and that is the view of the Irish immigrant: a thug, and the victimizer of African-Americans. In the background, you can see the burning of the Colored Orphans Asylum, which was one of the buildings that was burned down by the rioters during the Draft Riots of 1863 and was a particularly strong symbol of mob rule and attacks upon the rights of African-Americans and, for that matter, advocates of the Republican Party.
The person in the center is Nathan Bedford Forrest, who was one of the founders of the Ku Klux Klan, who’d be quite – at that period of time – quite well known and quite notorious for the depredations against freed people in the South.
And the person on the right is Horatio Seymour who is the Democratic Party’s presidential candidate. All of these figures’ feet are planted firmly on the back of an African-American, but importantly not just an African-American, but an African-American veteran, which is going to remind the readers that – of the role of African-American soldiers, the critical role of African-American soldiers in the Union cause during the Civil War.
NBC Learn Video: “This is a White Man’s Government

48. Limits to Freedmen’s Rights
Disenfranchisement (means to prevent from voting)
Black Codes/Jim Crow Laws
Hate Groups

49. Disenfranchisement
To prevent from voting (14th/15th Amendments were to prevent this)
Used various methods that included
1. poll taxes (to be paid when vote) 2. literacy tests 3. threats

50. Sometimes the threat is deadly.
Notes from the Harper’s Weekly site regarding this Thomas Nast cartoon: During Reconstruction, basic civil rights for black Americans were enacted into the U.S. Constitution via the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments, into federal law through the Civil Rights Acts, and into the constitutions and laws of the former Confederate states and a few Northern ones. Given the prevalent racism in the country, and the resentment of many Southern whites to Reconstruction policies, a political reaction developed across the South. It resulted in the replacement of Republican Reconstruction governments with Democratic "Redeemer" governments. That change was accomplished and sustained in part by intimidation and violence against blacks and their white allies. The vehicle for those strong-arm tactics were paramilitary groups like the Ku Klux Klan, the White League, and the Red Shirts.Harper’s Weekly would use this cartoon again in 1872, another presidential election year.

52. Black Codes/Jim Crow Laws
Limits rights and opportunities
Limits jobs to only farm work and unskilled labor
Set curfews
Set punishments for vagrancy (not working)

53. Black Code Sample and Jim Crow Reading

54. Black Code Sample Here is an edited example of one of the Black Codes:
Now that the slaves have become emancipated, it is necessary to pass regulations that preserve public order. These regulations must also preserve the comfort and correct behavior of the former slaves. Therefore, the following rules have been adopted with the approval of the United States military authorities who have commanded this area.
1) Every Negro is required to be in the regular service of some white person or former owner, who shall be held responsible for the conduct of that Negro.
2) No public meetings or congregations of Negroes shall be allowed after sunset. Such public meetings may be held during the day with the permission of the local captain in charge of the area.
3) No Negro shall be permitted to preach or otherwise speak out to congregations of colored people without special permission in writing from the government.
4) Negroes may legally marry, own property and sue and be sued in a court of law.
5) Negroes may not serve on juries.
6) A Negro may not testify against a white person in a Court of Law.
7) It shall be illegal for a Negro or a person of Negro descent to marry a white person.
8) No Negro shall be permitted outside in public after sundown without permission in writing from the government. A Negro conducting business for a white person may do so but only under the direct supervision of his employer.
9) No Negro shall sell, trade, or exchange merchandise within this area without the special written permission of his employer.
10) No Negro who is not in the military service shall be allowed to carry firearms or any kind or weapons of any type without the special written permission of his employers.

55. Examples of Jim Crow Laws
Barbers. No colored barber shall serve as a barber (to) white girls or women (Georgia).
Blind Wards. The board of trustees shall ... maintain a separate building ... on separate ground for the admission, care, instruction, and support of all blind persons of the colored or black race (Louisiana).
Burial. The officer in charge shall not bury, or allow to be buried, any colored persons upon ground set apart or used for the burial of white persons (Georgia).
Buses. All passenger stations in this State operated by any motor transportation company shall have separate waiting rooms or space and separate ticket windows for the white and colored races (Alabama).
Child Custody. It shall be unlawful for any parent, relative, or other white person in this State, having the control or custody of any white child, by right of guardianship, natural or acquired, or otherwise, to dispose of, give or surrender such white child permanently into the custody, control, maintenance, or support, of a Negro (South Carolina).
Education. The schools for white children and the schools for Negro children shall be conducted separately (Florida).
Libraries. The State librarian is directed to fit up and maintain a separate place for the use of the colored people who may come to the library for the purpose of reading books or periodicals (North Carolina).
Mental Hospitals. The Board of Control shall see that proper and distinct apartments are arranged for said patients, so that in no case shall Negroes and white persons be together (Georgia).
Militia. The white and colored militia shall be separately enrolled, and shall never be compelled to serve in the same organization. No organization of colored troops shall be permitted where white troops are available and where whites are permitted to be organized, colored troops shall be under the command of white officers (North Carolina).
Nurses. No person or corporation shall require any white female nurse to nurse in wards or rooms in hospitals, either public or private, in which Negro men are placed (Alabama).
Prisons. The warden shall see that the white convicts shall have separate apartments for both eating and sleeping from the Negro convicts (Mississippi).
Reform Schools. The children of white and colored races committed to the houses of reform shall be kept entirely separate from each other (Kentucky).
Teaching. Any instructor who shall teach in any school, college or institution where members of the white and colored race are received and enrolled as pupils for instruction shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof, shall be fined... (Oklahoma).
Wine and Beer. All persons licensed to conduct the business of selling beer or wine ... shall serve either white people exclusively or colored people exclusively and shall not sell to the two races within the same room at any time (Georgia).
"Books shall not be interchangeable between the white and colored schools, but shall continue to be used by the race first using them. " Oklahoma
"It shall be unlawful for any amateur white baseball team to play baseball on any vacant lot or baseball diamond within two blocks of a playground devoted to the Negro race, and it shall be unlawful for any amateur colored baseball team to play baseball in any vacant lot or baseball diamond within two blocks of any playground devoted to the white race."

56. Jim Crow Laws: Delaware
As a border state to the Confederacy, Delaware enacted nine segregation laws impacting nearly every facet of public life between 1874 and One of the most unusual and inhumane laws on record was passed in 1893, requiring black servants to obtain the permission of their master before marrying. Failure to obtain written consent resulted in a $30 fine.
1874: Miscegenation [Statute] Prohibited marriage between white persons and Negroes. Penalty: A fine of $100 imposed on offenders and upon the minister performing the ceremony.
1875: Public carriers [Statute] Passenger carriers may assign customers to a particular place if their presence elsewhere would be offensive to the majority of travelers.
1875: Public accommodations [Statute] Innkeepers, hotel, tavern and restaurant managers, and theater owners were allowed to refuse service to persons whose "reception" or entertainment by him would be offensive to the major part of his customers and would injure his business."
1877: Education [Statute] Separate tax on blacks established to fund colored schools.
1893: Miscegenation [Statute] Reconfirms intermarriage law of Notes that Negroes or mulattoes may be married without a license if they produce a certificate offering satisfactory proof of freedom; or if a servant -- shall produce written consent of master. A free person marrying a servant without consent must pay the master $30 if male and $15 if female. This practice dated back to an 1874 statute that allowed indigent black children under the age of 15 to be bound as servants until the age of 21 for males and 18 for women.
1911: Miscegenation [Statute] Marriage unlawful between a white person and a Negro or mulatto. Penalty: Punishable by a fine of $100, or imprisonment for 30 days. If the marriage was contracted outside of the state, persons would still be charged with a misdemeanor with the same penalty as if the marriage had occurred in the state.
1915: Miscegenation [State Code] Declared miscegenation a misdemeanor. Interracial marriages would be nullified if parties went to another jurisdiction where such marriages were legal.
1915: Education [State Code] Required racially segregated schools.
1917: Housing [Municipal Code] As early as 1917, Wilmington's suburban developers included in their deeds restrictions against sales to non-Caucasian buyers. At least two developments limited sales to "members of the Aryan branch of the Caucasian race." (Abstract of Chase Dissertation on Suburbanization)
1953: Health Care [State Code] Separate tuberculosis hospitals to be established for blacks.
1953: Miscegenation [State Code] Marriage between whites and Negroes or mulattoes illegal. Penalty: Misdemeanor, fine and/or imprisonment.  

57. Rise of KKK – violent response to Radical Reconstruction

58. Ku Klux Klan Started in 1866 by 6 former Confederate soldiers
Members wore robes and masks to look like the ghosts of dead Confederate soldiers who returned for revenge against enemies of the South.

59. Nathan Bedford Forrest First National Leader of the KKK and Former Confederate Leader

60. It also included other groups such as the White League
Their Goal: deny African-Americans their rights and keep them in the role of submissive laborers.
It also included other groups such as the White League
Another Thomas Nast Cartoon, from Harper’s Weekly, October 24, 1874, page For more background see this website:
Also at LOC:

61. Use to show why there would be fear among the Freedmen population.
Harper’s Weekly, February 24, 1872, page 160.
VISIT OF THE KU-KLUX - The artist, on page 160, pictures an outrage of frequent occurrence in some of the most turbulent districts of the Southern States. The scene is the interior of a Negro cabin, where the little family—fearing no evil—is gathered after the work of the day is over. Suddenly the door is opened, and a member of the Ku-Klux Klan appears, with gun in hand, to take the life of the harmless old man who sits at the fire-place, and whose only "crime" is his color. It is to be hoped that under a rigorous administration of the laws these deeds of violence will soon cease forever.

62. KKK Rally in Delmar, DE (1920)
KKK returned in the 1920s and focused on the immigrant population (Catholic and Jewish populations, in addition to the African American population). This was in the southern portion of the state.

63. Ku Klux Klan Gathering in Newark, DE (1965)
Photo: Delaware Historical Society

65. A cartoon threatening that the KKK would lynch carpetbaggers, Tuscaloosa, AL, Independent Monitor (1868) 

66. Carpetbaggers
Northern Republicans who moved South to work in gov’t or make money.
Same type of bag is used by Mary Poppins in the nursery when she pulls stuff out like the coat rack, mirror, etc.

67. Scalawags
a Southern white who joined the Republican Party in the ex-Confederate South during Reconstruction

68. Reconstruction Political Plans Johnson’s/Presidential Reconstruction Plan versus Radical/Congressional Reconstruction Plan

69. The “Plans” Reading
Read Johnson’s statement first, then Stevens’ statement and answer all questions.
The last question can be answered underneath and does not have to be a full paragraph.

70. CP Plans Activity Information In History Alive Textbook . . .
Page 134 – Information about Johnson’s Plan
Page136 – Information about Congressional or Radical Reconstruction Plan

71. Honors Plans Activity Information In The Americans Textbook . . .
Page – Information about Johnson’s Plan and Congressional or Radical Reconstruction Plan

72. Reconstruction Political Plans Johnson’s/Presidential Reconstruction Plan versus Radical/Congressional Reconstruction Plan

73. Lincoln’s Plan is never implemented!
April Lincoln assassinated
13th amendment officially ends slavery in all of the United States

74. Andrew Johnson, (Southern Democrat and former slave owner) administered his own new policy
President!

76. The Johnson Plan (or Presidential Reconstruction)
Forgives Confederates once they sign a loyalty oath.
New state governments must be elected. Former Confederates are allowed to serve.
The Act of Secession (when states seceded) must be repealed.

77. Johnson’s Plan, cont. States must write a new state constitution.
War debts must be cancelled.
(Southern) States must ratify the 13th Amendment (which ends slavery), but Freedmen do not get a chance to vote.

78. Johnson’s Plan - PROBLEMS
More generous to the South!
Amnesty or forgiveness is awarded to “certain” Southerners, by Johnson.
Does not “punish” the South! Johnson shows leniency (mercy or compassion) towards the White Southerners.

79. BTW: He would not support the 13th Amendment!
Johnson’s Presidency
He lacked
Mandate to govern
Support of Congress
Also was anti-civil rights
BTW: He would not support the 13th Amendment!

80. Tension Between Johnson and Congress Leads to Impeachment Trial!
-The House votes to “impeach” Johnson
(to accuse of wrongdoing and bring to trial)
-President escapes removal by only 1 vote

81. Descriptions of Plans Radical = extreme in their beliefs
Moderates = mainstream views of the political party, not extreme at all We had moderate plans for reconstruction (Lincoln & Johnson), but now they change to the RADICAL version called . . .

82. Radical or Congressional Reconstruction
Reconstruction Act of 1867
-passed by Radical Republicans in Congress
-headed up by Thaddeus Stevens (reading)
-Southern state governments declared illegal
1. South is divided into 5 military districts with federal troops in control.

83. Radical Reconstruction cont…
To rejoin the Union:
2. States must adopt a new constitution that allows African American males the right to vote; however, former Confederates can not vote.
3. New state governments must be elected, but no former Confederates are allowed to serve.
4. New state legislatures are now required to ratify the 14th Amendment.

84. Constitutional Amendments

85. 13th Amendment Civil War Amendments
Unlike the Emancipation Proclamation, this change to the Constitution ends ALL slavery in the United States
Ratified in 1865

86. Declared former slaves CITIZENS
Known as the “Citizenship” Amendment
Provides equal rights for ALL CITIZENS
Prevents former Confederates from holding office
Ratified in 1868

87. 15th Amendment
Election of 1870 – many angry white Southerners refused to (or couldn’t) vote
More than 600 African Americans were elected to Southern legislatures and 16 black men were elected to Congress
Ratified 1870

88. The End of Reconstruction

89. The End of Reconstruction
Why did Reconstruction efforts finally end?
Heavy taxes and corruption for repairs
Lack of Northern support for racial equality
The Solid South – Southern Democrats had reversed many of the reforms

90. The Compromise of 1877
Samuel Tilden wins popular vote over Rutherford B. Hayes but there is a a dispute over the electoral vote
The Democrats agree to make Rutherford B. Hayes President IF all the federal troops are removed from the South
THIS IS THE END OF RECONSTRUCTION!

91. Moving Beyond Reconstruction
Plessy v. Ferguson – “Separate but Equal” (1896)
Supreme Court ruled against Homer Plessy saying segregation was legal as long as separate facilities were equal

92. Moving Beyond Reconstruction
Lynchings – the seizure & execution of a person, usually by hanging