1. Cognitive Processes PSY 334
Chapter 6 – Human Memory: Encoding and Storage
May 5, 2003

2. Event Concepts (Scripts)
Schank & Abelson – stereotypic sequences of actions called scripts.
Bower, Black & Turner – script for going to a restaurant.
Scripts affect memory for stories:
Story elements included in script well remembered, atypical elements not recalled, false recognition of script items.
Items out of order put back in typical order.

3. Two Theories What happens mentally when we categorize?
Two theories are being debated.
Abstraction theory -- we abstract and store the general properties of instances.
Prototype theory.
Instance theory -- we store the multiple instances themselves and then compare average distances among them.

4. Neural Nets for Learning Schemas
Gluck & Bower – designed a neural net that abstracts central tendencies without storing instances.
Patients with four symptoms classified into two hypothetical diseases.
One disease 3 times more frequent than the other.
Error correction changes the strength of associations in the network (delta rule).
Model predicted subject decisions well.

5. Evidence From Neuroscience
People with temporal lobe deficits selectively impaired in recognizing natural categories but not artifacts (tools)
People with frontoparietal lesions unaffected for biological categories but cannot recognize artifacts (tools).
Artifacts may be organized by what we do with them whereas biological categories are identified by shape.

6. Ebbinghaus First rigorous investigation of human memory – 1885.
Taught himself nonsense syllables
DAX, BUP, LOC
Savings – the amount of time needed to relearn a list after it has already been learned and forgotten.
Forgetting function – most forgetting takes place right away.

7. Memory Models
Atkinson & Shiffrin – proposed a three-stage model including:
Sensory store – if attended goes to STM
Short-term memory (STM) – if rehearsed goes to LTM
Long-term memory (LTM)
No longer the current view of memory.
Still presented in some books.

8. Criticisms of STM
Rate of forgetting seemed to be quicker than Ebbinghaus’s data, but is not really.
Amount of rehearsal appeared to be related to transfer to long-term memory.
Later it was found that the kind of rehearsal matters, not the amount.
Passive rehearsal does little to achieve long-term memory.
Information may go directly to LTM.

9. Depth of Processing
Craik & Lockhart – proposed that it is not how long material is rehearsed but the depth of processing that matters.
Levels of processing demo.

10. Working Memory
Baddeley – in working memory speed of rehearsal determines memory span. Articulatory loop – stores whatever can be processed in a given amount of time.
Word length effect: 4.5 one-syllable words remembered compared to 2.6 long ones.
1.5 to 2 seconds material can be kept.
Visuopatial sketchpad – rehearses images.
Central executive – controls other systems.

11. Delayed Matching Task
Delayed Matching to Sample – monkey must recall where food was placed.
Monkeys with lesion to frontal cortex cannot remember food location.
Human infants can’t do it until 1 year old.
Regions of frontal cortex fire only during the delay – keeping location in mind.
Different prefrontal regions are used to remember different kinds of information.