1. Struggle for North America & Atlantic Slave Trade Unit 3 Section 7
Age of Exploration
Essential Standards: Analyze the causes for exploration and the effects of increased global interaction and trade between the nations in Europe, Asia, Americas, and Africa . Analyze colonization in terms of the desire for access to resources and markets as well as the consequences on cultures, population, & environment.
I can: understand how the desire for wealth, resources, markets, and the Crusades, fueled by advances in technology, leads to global exploration, exchange of goods & ideas are contributing factors to mercantilism , capitalism and colonization.

2. New France
1500s, French fishing off Newfoundland. Jesuits spread Christianity to Native Americans.
Helped by Native American allies, French explorers & fur traders traveled inland.
Did not build permanent settlements until 1608.
Wealthy landowners sought settlers to farm the land, harsh Canadian climate attracted few French peasants. Thus, the pop. of New France grew slowly.
1600s, the French king Louis XIV exerted greater control over political & economic activities in New France.

3. The 13 English Colonies
1st permanent colony was at Jamestown Virginia, in Exported tobacco & corn to England.
1600s &1700s, the English est. 13 colonies in North America. Some, like Virginia & New York, were commercial ventures. Others, like Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Maryland, were set up as havens for persecuted religious groups.
New England Colonies: small farms, fishing & shipping.
Southern Colonies: plantation that grew tobacco, rice, etc.
Like the rulers of Spain & France, English monarchs asserted control over their American colonies. Yet, English colonists enjoyed a large degree of self-gov’t.

5. The Evolution of Traditions of Government
The pilgrims in 1620 at Plymouth signed the Mayflower Compact, in which they set out guidelines for governing their colony.
A compact is an agreement among people. Today we see the Mayflower Compact as an important early step toward self-gov’t.
Each colony had its own representative assembly elected by propertied men.
The tradition of consulting representative assemblies grew out of the English experience.

6. Competition for Power
During the 1700s, Britain & France clashed in a worldwide struggle, known as the Seven Years’ War. In North America, they battled each other in the French & Indian War. The 1763 Treaty of Paris, which officially ended the world-wide war, ensured British dominance in North America. Britain received Canada & lands east of the Mississippi River. France kept the Caribbean & slave-trading posts in Africa.
By the 1600s, Spain, France, Britain, & the Netherlands were competing for colonies and trade around the world.

7. As settlers claimed more & more North American land, Native Americans resisted their advance. Bitter fighting resulted. Little by little, the Indians were pushed westward.
Native American Legacy: Settlers adopted NA technologies. Settlers learned how to grow corn, beans, squash, & tomatoes and to hunt & trap forest animals. Settlers used trails carved out by NA. Medical knowledge was also used by the settlers.

8. The Atlantic Slave Trade
Essential Standards: Analyze the causes for exploration and the effects of increased global interaction and trade between the nations in Europe, Asia, Americas, and Africa . Analyze colonization in terms of the desire for access to resources and markets as well as the consequences on cultures, population, & environment.
I can: understand how the desire for wealth, resources, markets, and the Crusades, fueled by advances in technology, leads to global exploration, exchange of goods & ideas are contributing factors to mercantilism , capitalism and colonization.

9. The Atlantic slave trade (1500s) fill the need for labor in Spain’s American empire. Term slave comes from the large number of Slavs taken from Russia & used as unpaid labor in Rome.
Each year, traders shipped tens of thousands of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to work on tobacco & sugar plantations in the Americas.
African rulers & traders to seize captives in the interior & bring them to coastal trade posts & fortresses.
Trade intensified as demand for slaves increased in the Americas & demand for luxury goods increased in Africa.

10. Triangular Trade
1st leg, merchant ships brought goods to Africa to be traded for slaves.
2nd leg, known as the Middle Passage, the slaves were transported to the West Indies. There slaves were traded for sugar, molasses, & etc.
Middle Passage: Africans were packed below the decks of slave ships. Half of the slaves would die from disease or harsh treatment.
3rd leg, these products were shipped to Europe or European colonies in the Americas.
Some African leaders tried to resist the trade. Affonso I of Kongo was one of the 1st to speak out against the trade.

12. Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade
By the 1800s, an estimated 11 million enslaved Africans had reached the Americas. Another 2 million probably died during the Middle Passage.
The slave trade caused the decline of some African states. Resulted in some small states disappearing forever.
Same time, new African states arose whose way of life depended on the slave trade. The rulers of these new states waged war against other Africans in order to gain control of the slave trade in their region.

13. Rise of New African States
The Asante Kingdom lead by Osei Tutu, claimed that his right to rule came from heaven. The kingdom controlled the gold mines & slave trade.
Islamic Crusades: Usman brought Islam to West Africa.

14. Battles for Power in Southern Africa
The Zulus had migrated into southern Africa in the 1500s.
1800s, they emerged as a major force under a ruthless & brilliant leader, Shaka.
Between 1818 & 1828, the Zulus under Shaka waged relentless war. Shaka’s wars disrupted life across southern Africa. Displaced groups migrated north, conquering other peoples & creating their own powerful states.

16. Dutch settlers in southern Africa were called Boers
Dutch settlers in southern Africa were called Boers. In the late 1830s, the Boers came into contact w/ the Zulus & fighting broke out.
At first, the Zulu regiments held their own. But in the end, they were defeated by the Boers’ superior military technology