1. Environment & Resource Management
Differing Viewpoints
Environment & Resource Management

2. Differing Viewpoints Perceptions of Nature
Traditional Ecological Knowledge
Population Control
Save It or Pave It?

3. Perceptions of Nature
How do each of the following groups perceive nature and the protection of the environment?
corporations
government
recreationists
What evidence of bias is there in the media?
political cartoons
advertisements
newspapers
periodicals
news reports

4. Perceptions of Nature
“The Real Cost of Gas”

5. Perceptions of Nature
Americans for Fuel Efficient Cars

6. Also have a listen to “God Bless My S.U.V.”

7. “ANWR”
Alaska
National
Wildlife
Refuge

16. Alternate "Green Fuel" Non-Renewable, But Won't Require Drilling
Perceptions of Nature
Energy Compromise Calls for Burning Fossil Fuels, Environmental Activists
Alternate "Green Fuel" Non-Renewable, But Won't Require Drilling
Washington, D.C. — In a compromise that calls for the left and right to work together, energy company executives today proposed burning both fossil fuels and environmental activists, who officials estimated may be able to provide 2 percent of the country's energy output "for a couple of hours, anyway."

17. Traditional Ecological Knowledge
Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) is knowledge of the conservation and sustainable use of an environment gained from generations of living and working within that environment.
Knowledge may relate, among other things, to the harvest of resources, the planting of agricultural crops, or the use of natural herbs and other material for medicinal purposes.

18. Population Control Food production tends to grow arithmetically.
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …
Populations tend to grow geometrically.
1, 2, 4, 8, 16, …
This will obviously lead to significant problems for the population over time. But how to deal with these problems?

19. Population Control 16 Population Growth 8 Food Growth Units 4 5 4 3 2
Time

20. Population Control

21. Population Control
Thomas Malthus developed a theory on how human population keeps itself in balance with the natural environment. People today often use his ideas in conjunction with the demographic transition model.

22. Population Control Core Principles of Malthus
Food is necessary for human existence.
Human population tends to grow faster than the power in the earth to produce subsistence, and that
The effects of these two unequal powers must be kept equal.
Since humans tend not to limit their population size voluntarily ("preventive checks" in Malthus's terminology), population reduction tends to be accomplished through the "positive" checks of famine, disease, poverty and war.

23. Population Control

24. Population Control
An anti-Malthusian school of thought believes that people will adapt to their environment in order to sustain population growth.
The use of antibiotics and vaccination to prevent disease or the coming of the Green Revolution which supplied the world with food are examples of how people can adapt to support larger population.
Because of examples such as these, the Adaptation Theory has found greater acceptance in modern times.

25. Population Control Core Principles of the Adaptation Theory
Food is necessary for human existence.
Human population tends to grow faster than the power in the earth to produce subsistence, and that
These two unequal powers may made equal through human efforts.
Since humans tend not to limit their population size, we must find ways to grow more food, and prevent disease in order to sustain the population.

27. Population Control
The world’s population increases by 2.5 people per second.
By 2050, the world’s population will be 9.1 billion and China & India will account for half of that.
At current growth rates, the world’s population in 2150 will be 244 billion… and in 2300 will be 134 trillion.

28. Population Control

29. Population Control
At least 150 million couples throughout the world want, but do not have, access to reproductive health services.
1.45 billion women are in their childbearing years
210 million of these women become pregnant each year
63% of pregnancies result in live births
22% in abortions
15% in miscarriage
1/3 of the population growth in the world is the result of incidental or unwanted pregnancies.

30. Population Control 1. China - 1,256,167,701 2. India - 1,017,645,163
3. United States - 274,943,496
4. Indonesia - 219,266,557
5. Brazil - 173,790,810
6. Russia - 145,904,542
7. Pakistan - 141,145,344
8. Bangladesh - 129,146,695
9. Japan - 126,434,470
10. Nigeria - 117,170,948
35. Canada - 31,330,255

31. Population Control 1. Tokyo, Japan - 28,025,000
2. Mexico City, Mexico - 18,131,000
3. Mumbai, India - 18,042,000
4. Sáo Paulo, Brazil - 17, 711,000
5. New York City, USA - 16,626,000
6. Shanghai, China - 14,173,000
7. Lagos, Nigeria - 13,488,000
8. Los Angeles, USA - 13,129,000
9. Calcutta, India - 12,900,000
10. Buenos Aires, Argentina - 12,431,000
49. Toronto, Canada - 4,657,000

32. Population Control
The size of the country represents its population.

34. Population Control
Contributing Factors?
Consequences?
Solutions?

35. Population Control
What are the contributing factors to overpopulation?
Cost of and accessibility of birth control
Cultural barriers (religion; little choice for women; men wanting many children; preference of having boys; religious beliefs)
High death rates, so overcompensation with the number of births.
Government incentives

36. Population Control Why so many children?
Parents expecting some of their children to die at an early age would have 8 to 10 children, hoping 5 or 6 would survive.
Reducing infant and child mortality makes parents more open to the idea of smaller families, eliminating the need for an insurance effect.
Many people still want more than enough children to replace themselves.

37. Population Control What are some consequences of overpopulation?
Famine
Urbanization
Shortage of jobs
Poverty
Shortage of space
Shortage of natural resources
Pollution
Conflict / war
Lack of provision of government services

38. Population Control
During the 20th Century, the US population tripled in size…. while the US’ consumption of resources increased itself by 17 times!
United States Population Growth in millions of people (not percentages!)

39. Population Control Population Density Comparison by Country
United States 75  people per square mile
India  
Japan  
Bangladesh    
Population Density Comparison by City
Los Angeles  
New York 11,000  
Mexico City 40,000  
Mumbai 127,000

40. Population Control What are some solutions to overpopulation?
Technology and innovation
Sex education
Abstinence
Rhythm method
Birth control
Liberalizing abortion
Improved education of women
Improved access to birth control
Laws limiting number of children people can have
Natural checks (?!)

41. Population Control

42. Population Control
In both the developing and the developed world, the number one solution to overpopulation is the education of women:
Women not in the labour force have fertility rates more than twice that of women in the labour force
High income women have half as many children as low income women
A woman with a college degree will have half as many children as a woman who did not graduate from high school

43. Population Control Reducing the desire to have large families
This requires social marketing, such as popular TV soap operas that now air in many countries with educational messages on the virtues of small families.
Government can play a key role as well:
Government of Mexico is conveying the message that it is less macho to have 10 children with one pair of shoes amongst them than three children each with shoes, clothes and schoolbooks.
The Iranian government announced in 1992 they will deny subsidies and other benefits for newborn children if parents already have three children

44. Population Control
In China, a couple who pledges 1 child only will receive more land, free medical and schooling and reduced taxes.
Chinese couples who have additional children without permission can be fined, reduced salary, no additional housing, no free medical or schooling for the child. (Compulsory abortions are seldom done. The abortion rate in China is 40% less than the U.S. rate.)
It took 60 years for the average American family size to shrink from 6 to 3.5 children, but it took only 23 years to accomplish the same transition in Indonesia and only 8 years in Thailand

45. Family planning program officially begins
Population Control
Thailand represents a smooth transition to below-replacement fertility.
Children per woman
Family planning program officially begins
Source: United Nations Population Division and Population Reference Bureau.

46. Population Control Solutions right here at home…
Government support is needed…US Government only spends 68¢ per person on family planning
Religious teachings must adapt… today’s 6 billion people create very different circumstances and needs than those in Biblical times
Unplanned pregnancies are fairly rampant… but the pill is 97% effective, a condom is 80% effective. SO….

47. Population Control
Family Planning 101 ≠ +

48. Population & Development
Population Growth in Developed Nations
Europe - during the 19th century the death rate began to decrease because of improved food supplies, a rising standard of living and medical advances
more children survived and fewer women died in childbirth
knowledge of birth control was limited therefore: more children

49. Population & Development
Population Growth in Developed Nations
Malthus says that people will start to die from lack of food, disease, and wars
Wanting to avoid this, Europe changed its ways:
technology - machines replaced the need for child workers
changing role of women - not just raising children - career goals and social
Change was necessary and was pursued

50. Population & Development
Population Growth in Developed Nations
Baby Boom
Births
Baby Echo
Generation Y
Generation X
1945
1965
1985
2005
2025

52. Population & Development
Population Growth in Developing Nations
lower levels of technology means child labour is required
lack of proper medical facilities has led to major health problems
“Numbers of indigenous peoples killed by imported European diseases are very uncertain, but estimates run into several millions in Africa and throughout the Americas.”
lack of education about birth control

53. Population & Development
Population Growth in Developing Nations
population control policies in China and India limiting the number of children per family
only at zero population growth will a population be stable
i.e., when the average number of daughters a woman will have is 1.0 – exactly enough to replace herself

54. Population & Development
Impact of the Developed Nations upon the Developing Nations
introduced health care - extended life
introduced awareness of birth control - controlling number of births
introduced new technology - reducing need for child labour

55. Population & Development

56. Population & Development

57. Population & Development
Democratic Transition Model

58. Population & Development
Democratic Transition Model
Phase 1
both birth rates and death rates are uncontrolled
natural increase gap is small
slow population growth
Phase 2
control of death rate
natural increase gap becomes larger
rapid population growth

59. Population & Development
Democratic Transition Model
Phase 3
control of birth rate
natural increase gap begins to narrow
population growth slows
Phase 4
both birth rates and death rates are controlled
natural increase gap is small
slow population growth
Phase 5
death rates exceed birth rates
natural increase is inverted
population declines

60. Population & Development

61. Save It or Pave It? Whitehorse Copper Subdivision Case Study
In 1997 the City of Whitehorse with support of the Yukon Government began an Area Development Scheme (ADS) for the area known as “Whitehorse Copper”. An ADS is a land use plan that identifies suitable land for various land uses. In the case of the Whitehorse Copper Area Development Scheme it includes a mix of Country Residential, Commercial, Service Industrial, and Heavy industrial.

62. Save It or Pave It?

63. Save It or Pave It?

64. Save It or Pave It? Interest Groups Developers Local Government
Territorial Government
Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing
Ministry of the Environment
Local Residents
Environmental Non-Governmental Organizations

65. Save It or Pave It? Debriefing
Which of the opposing viewpoints did you find most convincing? Give reasons.
Which of the opposing viewpoints did you find the least convincing? Give reasons.
Did you agree with the decision of the Arbitration Panel? Why or why not?
If you were in the position to make the final decision on this issue, what would you decide?
Many issues are solved through the arbitration process. Is this an effective way to solve disputes over environmental issues? Explain your answer.