1. Motive; Motivation
An inner drive, impulse, etc. that causes one to act; incentive (Webster, 1996)

2. Acronym
A R C S

3. John Keller, ARCS Model of Motivational design
Devoted most of career to rectifying the lack of motivation in instructional systems theory and practices
Considered a major contributor in the field
B.A. Philosophy
Doctrine in Instructional Systems Technology
Minor in research & Evaluation and Organizational Behavior

4. Robert Gagne, (“Nine Events of Instruction”) and Keller
Major influence
Interest and attention component
Focused on ability and will
Incorporated theories of behaviorism, cognitivism, and humanism into model

5. Instructional System Design
Model traditional
Analyzes motivational problems
Motivational strategies designed
Strategies implemented
Evaluate consequences
Suggest effective strategies
while implementing model

6. The ARCS Model of Motivational Design
Attention, Relevance, Confidence, Satisfaction
Meaningful, consistent and easy to communicate
Designed to bring out change in motivation
Motivate to learn, work, and improve self-motivation skills

7. ARCS Primary Focus Two Major Parts Motivate students to learn
Make instruction appealing
Problem solving approach
Stimulate and sustain students motivation to learn
Set of categories that represent the components of motivation
Systematic design that assists in creating motivational techniques appropriate for the learner

8. Elements that Affect Motivation
Materials that you use
Your own teacher behaviors
Structure of lesson
Structure of course

9. Model offers Questions
Analyze approaches to teaching and preparing materials
Review current materials and lesson plans
Use as a source of ideas to motivate and enhance teaching methods

10. John Keller’s ARCS Model of Motivation Design
4 steps
Attention
Relevance
Confidence
Satisfaction

11. ATTENTION, most important aspect of model
Gained in two ways; 1.) Perceptual arousal (surprise or uncertainty to gain interest), 2.) Inquiry arousal stimulate curiosity by posing a challenging question and maintain attention.

12. Six methods used to gain and maintain attention
Participation
Variability
Inquiry
Humor
Example
Incongruity and Conflict

13. Relevance, learners must believe it is relevant
Establish relevance to increase learner’s motivation. Use language and examples they are familiar with.

14. Six strategies to include
Experience
Present Worth
Future Usefulness
Needs Matching
Modeling
Choice

15. Confidence, required so students feel they should and can do well, help to understand success
To build confidence curriculum should have:
Increasing levels of difficulty
Realistic Expectations
Clear objectives and prerequisites
Learner Controlled Elements

16. Satisfaction
Rewarding or satisfying by sense of achievement, praise, entertainment
Skill is useful or beneficial; provide opportunities to use in real setting
Provide feedback and reinforcement, satisfaction is based on motivation

17. ARCS MODEL
Method for improving motivational appeal of instructional material
Practical
Three distinct features
Motivation concepts; Attention, Relevance, Confidence, Satisfaction
Strategies are included
Model utilizes a systematic design process

18. John Keller suggests that motivation is not only the learner’s responsibility but it is also the instructors or designers responsibility P. Stewart