1. Classification

2. Basic Definitions
Classificationthe grouping of objects/information based on similarities
Taxonomythe branch of biology concerned w/grouping & naming organisms

3. Early Naming Systems Based on edible or toxic
Aristotle – 1st system in 300 B.C.
plants vs. animals based on sizes & locations
Carolus Linneus ’s
based on body structures
Still used today

4. Binomial Nomenclature
Genussmall group closely related organisms
Speciesdescribes an important characteristic of the organism
G + S  Scientific name
Humans?

5. Examples Ursus maritimus Ursus arctos Genus-Ursus = bear
Species-maritimus = sea
Species-arctos = great northern/grizzly

6. Scientific Names Reduces confusion caused by common/local names
Scientific committee -consistency & preserves one of each species
Latin – dead language (words don’t change meaning) & basis for other languages

7. Example In USA & England - house sparrow In Spain - gorrion
In Holland – musch
In Sweden – hussparf
Scientific Name - Passer domesticus

8. Rules for writing Scientific Names
First letter of genus - ALWAYS capitalized
First letter of species - NEVER capitalized
Scientific names are italicized (if typed) or underlined (if hand written)

9. Which of these are written correctly?
Viola tricolor (pansy with 3-colored flower)
Quercus phellos (Willow Oak)
Nymphaea ordata (fragrant water lily)
Clostridium Botulinum (bacteria that causes a form of food poisoning)
homo sapiens

10. 4 Rules for assigning scientific names
All scientific names must be Latin words or terms constructed according to the rules of Latin grammar.
Two different organisms cannot be assigned the same scientific name.

11. Rules continued…
For each member of the same genus, the second word (species name) must be different.
Organisms in different genera will NOT have the same genus name, BUT can have same species name.

12. Domains (3)
Family
Genus
Species
Kingdom (6)
Phylum
Order
Class

13. Grizzly bear
Black bear
Giant panda
Red fox
Abert squirrel
Coral snake
Sea star
KINGDOM Animalia
PHYLUM Chordata
CLASS Mammalia
ORDER Carnivora
FAMILY Ursidae
GENUS Ursus
SPECIES Ursus arctos

14. Classification System
The smallest group/TAXA is the species.
If they share many features but are clearly different species, they are classified as different species within the same genus.

15. Example
House cat(Felis domesticus) & the mountain lion (Felis concolor)
Lions placed in a separate genus, Panthera leo

16. Groups of similar genera are put into the same family.
Ex: All genera with cat-like characteristics are put in the family of Felidae.

17. Families of similar organisms are placed in the same order.
Ex: Cats are in the same order as dogs—Carnivora—they are all meat eaters.

18. Similar orders are grouped into the same class.
All warm-blooded animals that have body hair and produce milk for their young are in the class Mammalia.

19. Similar classes are grouped into the same phylum. (Plants – divisions)
Mammals are placed in the same phyla as reptiles and fishes-Chordata.
Similar phyla are grouped into the same kingdom.
6 kingdomsArchaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

21. In review… Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species King Philip
Came
Over
For
Good
Soup
Kings
Play
Chess On
Fuzzy
Green
Stools

22. Importance of Taxonomy
Drugs for diseases
Invasive & toxic organisms
Earth friendly cleaning products

23. Classification Today
Evolutionary classification, not just physical characteristics.
Relationships determined by structure, development, biochemistry, and behavior.
Phylogeny - the evolutionary history of a species; can be illustrated on a cladogram or phylogenic tree

24. Reading a cladogram/phylogeny
Each branch represents an evolutionary lineage
Implied in the x direction is some sort of evolutionary distance from each other and implied in the y direction is relative time
Intersecting lines represent a speciation event

25. 3 Domains

26. Practice Problems

27. Your turn

28. Cladogram – shows evolutionary relationships

30. 3 Domains DOMAIN ARCHAEA DOMAIN EUKARYA DOMAIN BACTERIA Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
DOMAIN EUKARYA
DOMAIN ARCHAEA
DOMAIN BACTERIA

31. Dichotomous Key
Set of paired statements that describe physical characteristics of different organisms.
Used to identify organisms