1. AIM: How do scholars uncover and analyze history?
Do Now: What is history?

2. Setting the Stage: Who are we?
Prehistory – the long period of time before people invented writing. Roughly about 5,000 years ago.
Evolution vs. Creationism

3. Understanding Our Past
Scientific Clues
Scientists work like detectives using excavated sites
Artifacts: human-made objects such as jewelry or tools
Paleontologists study fossils or evidence or early life preserved in rocks
Investigating Prehistory
Anthropology is the study of the origin, the behavior, and the physical, social and cultural developments of humans.
Archaeology a field of anthropology where archaeologists study past peoples and cultures through their material remains.
Use radiocarbon dating to determine the age of an artifact

4. Studying the Historical Past
“Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.”
-George Santayana
History – the record of past events.
Primary Source (eyewitness account) vs. Secondary Source (second-hand record)
Historical Dates:
Two formats:
B.C. – A.D.
B.C.E. – C.E.
Why do we actually study history?

5. Key Terms for Foundations
Culture: the way of life of a group of people (society).
i.e. – religion, clothing styles, diet, government
“Blueprint for living”
Cultural Diffusion: the exchange of cultural objects and ideas. Sometimes a cultural idea or object is adopted by a different culture.
Ethnocentrism: the belief that one culture is superior to another culture.
Technology: the skills and tools people use to meet their basic needs and wants.

6. Assignment: Snapshot autobiography
Take a blank piece of paper from the front of the classroom and fold it in half.
on THE front cover – give your autobiography a title.
on THE INSIDE left – write ABOUT YOUR LAST DAY OF MIDDLE SCHOOL.
on THE inside right – write ABOUT YOUR FIRST DAY OF HIGH SCHOOL.
On the back cover – Write a brief ‘about the author’ section.

7. Let’s Summarize…

8. AIM: How did early humans survive?
Do Now: Look at your Historical thinking skills Chart – What is the difference between sourcing, contextualization, corroboration and close reading?

9. Discoveries in Africa and Beyond
Mary Leakey
Archeologist who led an expedition in Tanzania in East Africa
1978, discovered Laetoli Footprints made by humanlike beings now called australopithecines, a hominid
Humans and other creatures that walk upright are called hominids
Lucy
Unusually complete skeleton of female hominid
Discovered by Donald Johansson in 1974
Named after Beatles song “Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds”
Dated to be 3.5 million years old
Before 1950s, anthropologists knew little about prehistoric peoples/species because they were NOT organized!

10. Laetoli Footprints
Lucy

11. STANDARDS FOR BEING HUMAN:
1. 90cc skull size
2. Upright vertebrate
3. Thumb for tool making

12. ACCORDING TO THE MAP, WHERE DID EARLY HUMANS ORIGINATE?
TRACING THE MIGRATION (MOVEMENT) OF EARLY HUMANS
Have students identify the continents first since map looks different.
ACCORDING TO THE MAP, WHERE DID EARLY HUMANS ORIGINATE?
AFRICA

13. WHAT ARE THESE IMAGES & WHAT DO THEY TELL US ABOUT EARLY HUMANS?

14. Paleolithic Era (Old Stone Age) 2 million B.C.E - 10,000 B.C.E
Hunting & gathering societies – everyone contributed!
*Men- hunted and fished
*Women/Children – gathered.
Nomads- people who travel (migrate) from place to place in constant search of food and water
People traveled in small groups (20-30 people)
Simple tools/weapons made of stone, bone & wood
To endure the cold, used animal skin for clothing. Went through several ice ages, used fire for warmth and cooking.
Took refuge in caves to survive the cold during long winters. Cave paintings found of animals.
Animism- belief system which involves worshipping spirits in nature
2. What do we know about Africa’s physical geography? Why would people have to move from place to place?
4. Made simple tools and weapons because they depended on their environment for survival.
6. Cave paintings in france, spain and north africa of deer, horses, buffalo.

15. Cave of Lascaux

16. Activity: Source Analysis
Directions:
Analyze source #1 and source #2.
Answer corresponding reflection worksheet.

17. Let’s Summarize… 3 Words to describe the era…

18. AIM: How did the world’s first civilizations rise and develop?
Do Now: **On the next slide! Just copy aim right now**

19. Do now: Describe the differences you see in the below pictures
Do now: Describe the differences you see in the below pictures. Label the picture representing the Paleolithic Age and the picture representing the Neolithic Age.

20. Neolithic Revolution
Around 10,000 years ago, the Neolithic Revolution began: the beginning of farming
It started accidentally when some women scattered seeds near a campsite and noticed crops growing there when they came back next season
Rising temperatures worldwide provided longer growing seasons
Farming produces more food than hunting or gathering
What is warmer weather good for?

21. More food means a higher population, thus more labor
Due to labor and farming methods, permanent settlements developed
Permanent settlements turn into villages, villages turn into cities, cities turn into civilizations
Once you reach a certain population, you can begin specialization
Specialization: the development of skills in a specific kind of work (other than farming)

22. Slash & burn farming was used (cut a field and burn it for nutrients)
Domestication or taming of animals began as well

23. Cause & Effect

24. WHAT IS A CIVILIZATION???
The highest cultural grouping of people living and working together for the purpose of creating a complex, organized society.
(2) “the highest cultural grouping of people which distinguishes humans from other species”
(3) “complex systems or network of cities that emerge from pre-urban culture”

25. EIGHT BASIC ELEMENTS OF A CIVILIZATION:
Writing Systems
(2) Infrastructure- public works such as bridges, roads etc.
(3) Government / Laws

26. (4) Art / Architecture
(5) Social Classes

27. (6) Organized Religion
(7) Job Specialization
(8) Development of Cities

28. Watch the video clip and answer the following question in your notebooks- What does it mean to be civilized? What argument does John Green raise concerning this and do you agree?
Link to Crash Course #1 Episode

29. Activity: Rank the eight characteristics of civilization in order of what you think is the most important, and why.

31. Let’s Summarize…