1. FOOD AND DRINK HEALTH AND LIFESTYLE
UNIT 3
FOOD AND DRINK HEALTH AND LIFESTYLE
Much-many- a lot of / lots of
Definig relative clauses
Comparative and superlative

2. UNIT 3
Disposable world

3. A lot of / Much / Many Are there many people in the swimming pool?
Has she got many friends?
Yes, she's got a lot of friends.
© Juan Manuel Sánchez Garrido 2008
Are there many people in the swimming pool?
No, there aren't many. There are only two.
Is there much ham on the plate? No, there isn't much. There are only three slices.

4. A lot of / Lots of (mucho (s), mucha(s), un montón de)
We use a lot of/lots of with plural countable nouns (e.g. books, cars, etc.) and uncountable nouns (e.g. sugar, milk, etc.) in all types of sentences.
She's got a lot of/lots of books.
There's a lot of milk in the fridge.
Note: We omit of when a lot is not followed by a noun.
Are there many people in the room? Yes, there are a lot.

5. Much (mucho / mucha)
We use much with uncountable nouns, normally, in questions and negations.
Questions:
Do you drink much coffe?
How much money have you got?
Negations:
There isn't much sugar in the bowl.
I don’t drink much coffee
So you don’t normally use much in affirmative sentences (you use “a lot of”)
I drink a lot of coffee

6. Many (muchos / muchas)
We normally use many with plural countable nouns in all types of sentences.
Are there many books on the shelf?
There aren't many books on the shelf.
So you don’t normally use MANY in affirmative sentences (you use “a lot of”)
We’ve got many friends
We’ve got a lot of friends

7. How Much (Cuánto / Cuánta) How Many (Cuántos / Cuántas)
In questions we use how much to ask about the amount of something and therefore, with uncountable nouns
How much + uncountable noun
How much sugar do we need? A kilo.
We use how many to ask about the number of things and so, with plural countable nouns
How many + plural countable noun
How many boys are there in your class? Twenty.
© Juan Manuel Sánchez Garrido 2008

9. She’s a very nice person
Very, Much & Many
It is important that you distinguish between VERY, MANY and MUCH
You use it with…
Spanish
Example
VERY
Adjectives
Muy
She’s a very nice person
MUCH
Uncountable nouns
Mucho/a
I haven’t got much time
MANY
Countable Nouns
Muchos/as
Do you have many CD’s?
© Juan Manuel Sánchez Garrido 2008

10. DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
PRONOUNS
SUBJECT I
YOU HE
SHE IT WE
THEY
OBJECT ME
YOU
HIM
HER IT US
THEM
POSSESSIVE MY
YOUR
HIS
HER
ITS
OUR
THEIR

11. DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
WHO
means “quien” and refers to people
WHICH
means “que” and refers to things
THAT
means “que” and refers to things and people
WHERE
means “ donde” and refers to places
WHEN
means “ cuando” and refers to time
WHOSE
means “ cuyo” and refers to possesion
3 ESO
Forget about them by now

12. You will learn that sometimes they can be ommited
Did you know the girl WHO/THAT came to the party yesterday?
The book WHICH/THAT I’m reading is very interesting.
I will never forget the day + I met my best friend that day
I’ll never forget the day (WHEN/THAT) I met my
This is the hotel + We are staying at the hotel next weekend:
This is the hotel WHERE we are staying next weekend.
The city is interesting + my sister is living in the city:
The city WHERE my sister is living is interesting.
You will learn that sometimes they can be ommited

13. DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
TWO TYPES OF RELATIVE CLAUSES
DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES ( Define and give information) They give essential information about people, things or places in the main clause
NON DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES (3 ESO)
THIS IS THE BOOK. / I TOLD YOU ABOUT THE BOOK LAST YEAR
This is the book THAT/ WHICH I told you about last year
THIS IS THE BOY. / MARY INTRODUCED ME TO THIS BOY LAST SUMMER
This is the boy WHO/ THAT Mary introduced me last summer
GRANADA IS A CITY IN ANDALUCIA / RAQUEL WAS BORN IN GRANADA
Granada is a city in Andalucía WHERE Raquel was born
Raquel was born in Granada THAT/ WHICH is a city in Andalucia

14. In this kind of relative clauses the PRONONUN can be ommited if it doesn’t make the function of subject within the sentence
THIS IS THE BOOK. / I TOLD YOU ABOUT THE BOOK LAST YEAR
This is the book THAT I told you about last year
This is the book WHICH I told you about last year
This is the book I told you about last year
THIS IS THE BOY. / MARY INTRODUCED ME TO THIS BOY LAST SUMMER
This is the boy WHO Mary introduced me last summer
This is the boy Mary introduced me last summer
GRANADA IS A CITY IN ANDALUCIA. / RAQUEL WAS BORN IN GRANADA
Granada is a city in Andalucía WHERE Raquel was born
Raquel was born in Granada THAT is a city in Andalucia
Raquel was born in Granada WHICH is a city in Andalucia
Raquel was born in Granada is a city in Andalucia

15. Write who/that/which in the blanks.
a. I met a woman who can speak six languages.
b. What’s the name of the man _____________ lives next door?
c. What’s the name of the river _____________ goes through the town?
d. Everybody _____________ went to the party enjoyed it very much.
e. Do you know anybody _____________ wants to buy a car?
f. Where is the picture _____________ was on the wall?
g. She always asks me questions _____________ are difficult to answer.
h. I have a friend _____________ is very good at repairing cars.
i. A coffee-maker is a machine _____________ makes coffee.
j. I don’t like people _____________ never stop talking.
k. Have you seen the money _____________ was on the table?
l. Why does he always wear clothes _____________ are too small for him?
WHO
WHICH
WHO
WHO
WHICH
WHICH
WHO
WHICH
WHO
WHICH
WHICH

16. b. She spoke to the man. He was standing next to her.
Join the sentences using who or which.
a. We chose the hotel. It seemed to be the nicest. We chose the hotel which seemed to be the nicest.
b. She spoke to the man. He was standing next to her.
She spoke to the man WHO was standing next to her
c. I read the letters. They came in the morning post.
I read the letters WHICH came in the morning post
d. He likes the other people. They work in his office.
He likes the other people WHO work in his office
e. She’s that singer. She was on television last night.
She’s that singer WHO was on television last night
f. Next week there is a festival. It happens in the village every summer.
Next week there is a festival WHICH happens in the village every summer.
g. I paid the bills. They came yesterday.
I paid the bills WHICH came yesterday

17. 9. Complete the conversation by putting who or which into the gaps.
Carol: Did you watch that programme last night?
David: Which one?
Carol: The programme which I mentioned a couple of days ago. It’s
new series __________ started last night.
David: No, I didn’t see it. Was it good?
Carol: Yes. It was about a group of friends __________ were at school together. Well, Rupert ...
David: Who was Rupert?
Carol: He was an old student of the school __________ had become a doctor. He went to a party __________ his old teachers organised. He met a lot of people __________ had been at school with him many years before. They talked about the things __________ they did when they were at school. Then suddenly, Rupert saw an old girl-friend __________ was dancing with John ...
David: Don’t tell me any more. It’s getting too complicated!
WHICH
WHO
WHICH
WHICH
WHO
WHICH
WHO

18. - “Peter is the student”+ “He comes from Glasgow”:
“Peter is the student WHO comes from Glasgow”.
- “The books are on the table” + “They are mine”:
“The books WHICH are on the table are mine”.
- “I’ve just met Tom” + “Tom seems to be a nice guy”: “I’ve just met Tom, WHO seems to be a nice guy”
“I’d love to visit London”+ “It is a beautiful city”:
“I’d love to visit London, WHICH is a beatiful city”

19. COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES

20. Comparatives
Comparatives are used to show the difference between two objects.
Let’s say that I have two dogs. I have a little Chihuahua called RAMBO and a big Labrador WINNIE. A comparative is used to show the difference between the two.
WINNIE is big so we can say “WINNIE is bigger than RAMBO”. Because RAMBO is small, we can say “RAMBO is smaller than WINNIE ”.
To learn to use these we need to learn five basic rules.

21. The ant is smaller than the hippo.
Rule 1. If an adjective has 1 SYLLABLE we add the ending –er to the adjective.
i.e. small + er = smaller than
i.e. hard + er = harder than
The ant is smaller than the hippo.

22. The elephant is fatter than the giraffe.
Rule 2. If a ONE SYLLABLE ADJECTIVE ends with a consonant + a vowel + a consonant you must double the last consonant and then ad –er.
i.e. big + er = bigger than i.e. fat + er = fatter than
The elephant is fatter than the giraffe.

23. The girl is happier than the duck.
Rule 3. If an ADJECTIVE ENDS WITH A “Y”, remove the “y” and add –ier. i.e. happy –y + ier = happier than i.e. funny –y + ier = funnier than
The girl is happier than the duck.

24. The butterfly is more beautiful than the frog.
Rule 4. If an ADJECTIVE HAS TWO SYLLABLES OR MORE WITHOUT A “Y” then add the word “more” before the word. If the adjective ends with a “y”, you will only add the word “more” if it has three syllables or more. i.e. beautiful + more = more beautiful than
i.e. expensive + more = more expensive than i.e. satisfactory + more = more satisfactory than
The butterfly is more beautiful than the frog.

25. Rule 5. There are a few exceptions. good = better than
Rule 5. There are a few exceptions. good = better than bad = worse than far = farther than

26. Remember, when using a comparative you must always follow it with the word “THAN”.
The Toyota is smaller than the Ford. The Ford is bigger than the Toyota. The ant is smaller than the hippo.
The elephant is fatter than the giraffe.
The girl is happier than the duck.
The butterfly is more beautiful than the frog.

27. Superlatives
Superlatives are used to show the difference between more than two objects.
Let’s say that I have three animals.
I have a little Chihuahua called RAMBO, a big Labrador WINNIE and an elephant called DUMBO. A superlative is used to show the differences that exist in the group
DUMBO is big so we can say “DUMBO is the biggest”.
Because RAMBO is small, we can say “RAMBO is the smallest”.
To learn to use these we need to learn five basic rules.

28. Rule 1. If an adjective has 1 syllable we add the ending –est to the adjective. i.e. small + est = the smallest i.e. hard + est = the hardest
The ant is the smallest.

29. The hippo is the fattest.
Rule 2. If a one syllable adjective ends with a consonant + a vowel + a consonant you must double the last consonant and ad –est. i.e. big + est = the biggest i.e. fat + est = the fattest
The hippo is the fattest.

30. The elephant is the heaviest.
Rule 3. If an adjective ends with a “y”, remove the “y” and add –iest. i.e. happy –y + iest = the happiest i.e. funny –y + iest = the funniest
The elephant is the heaviest.

31. The airplane is the most expensive.
Rule 4. If an adjective has two syllables or more without a “y” then add the word “most” before the word. If the adjective ends with a “y”, you will only add the word “most” if it has three syllables or more. i.e. beautiful + most = the most beautiful i.e. expensive + most = the most expensive i.e. satisfactory + most = the most satisfactory
The airplane is the most expensive.

32. Rule 5. There are a few exceptions. good = the best. bad = the worst
Rule 5. There are a few exceptions. good = the best bad = the worst far = the farthest

33. Remember, when using a superlative you must always precede it with the word “THE” The Toyota is the smallest. The Ford is the biggest. Brad Pitt is the most handsome. The airplane is the most expensive. Jim Carrey is the funniest.