1. Icelandic Transport Authority
Climate and Environment Committee
Alternative Energy
for the Marine Sector
Reykjavík, 8. October 2018
Jón Bernódusson,
Subject Leader, Research and Development
Icelandic Transport Authority

2. Icelandic Transport Authority
Greener Marine Environment
What is the Situation today
Almost all Marine Vessels today use Fossil Diesel as Energy Source
No Legislation today require Vessel Owners to switch over to Environmental Energy Sources
But there are Explorations and Ideas for an Energy Turning Point
Possibilities to decrease Pollution from Fossil Diesel
More Energy Efficient Engines
Optimization of Energy Saving System
Cleaner Fossil Fuel (Emission Control Areas (ECA))
Exhaust Gas Cleaning and Water in Oil Emulsion

3. Icelandic Transport Authority
Support from National and International Legislation
National (Flag States)
Emission Control Areas (ECA)
Various Countries inside their Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) and territorial Waters
Shore Connection in Harbours (electricity from land or biodiesel)
International (IMO and the EU)
Black Carbon
Reduction of Sulphur, CO2 and NOx
Directives on Renewable Energy

4. Icelandic Transport Authority
Fossil Fuels
Fossil Diesel
Fossil Diesels are liquefied Hydrocarbons with long Chains
Fossil Diesels are the most commonly used Fuels in seagoing Vessels
1 kg of Fossil Diesel burned produces 3.14 – 3.18 kg of CO2
Calorific Value: 38.6 MJ/litre
Fossil Gases
Fossil Gases are gaseous Hydrocarbons with short Chains
Fossil Gases are mostly used as LNG in seagoing Vessels
1 kg of Fossil Gas burned produces 2.40 – 2.75 kg of CO2
Calorific Value: 25.0 MJ/litre

5. Icelandic Transport Authority

6. Icelandic Transport Authority

7. Icelandic Transport Authority
Bio Fuels
Almost no Modifications of the Diesel Engine is required
Biodiesel (RME) (1st, 2nd and 3rd Generation)
Rapeseed Oil
Other Vegetable Oils
Various Modifications of the Diesel Engine is required
Alcohols (Methanol, Ethanol and Butanol)
LNG (Liquefied Natural Gases)
DME (Dimethyl Ether)
Hydrogen
Electricity

8. Icelandic Transport Authority
Bio Diesels
Rapeseed Oil and Biodiesel (RME)
Rapeseed Oil and Biodiesel (RME) are compatible with conventional Engines and can therefore be used without Modifications to the Engine Concepts
They are compatible with conventional Fuels and can also be added to Fossil Fuels as a Blend to improve their Properties
The Sulphur Content is practically Zero, which makes it compatible with a number of Sulphur-Sensitive Exhaust Gas Cleaning Concepts
CO2 Neutral
1 kg of Rapeseed Oil and Biodiesel (RME) burned produces kg of CO2
Calorific Value: MJ/Litre (91% of Fossil Diesel)

9. Rapeseed Field in Iceland

12. Icelandic Transport Authority
Alcohols
Methanol (CH3OH)
Methanol use in Europe is today strongly focused on the Chemical Market
Apart from the Application as a Fuel Additive, Methanol can also be directly used as a Fuel for internal Combustion Engines or for Fuel Cell Power Trains
Another Field of Application is the production of Dimethylether (DME) as a substitute for Diesel Fuel, which has the advantage of a Particulate-Free Combustion in Diesel combustion Engines
1 kg of Methanol burned produces kg of CO2
Calorific Value: 17.9 MJ/Litre (47% of Fossil Diesel)

13. Icelandic Transport Authority
Alcohols
Ethanol
Ethanol fermentation (Maize, Sugar, Distillation)
1 kg of Ethanol burned produces kg of CO2
Calorific Value: 23.5 MJ/Litre (61% of Fossil Diesel)
Butanol
Produced industrially like Ethanol
1 kg of Butanol burned produces kg of CO2
Calorific Value: 31.8 MJ/Litre (83% of Fossil Diesel)

14. Carbon Recycling International
CO2 + 3H2 → CH3OH + H2O

15. Carbon Engineering

16. Icelandic Transport Authority
Gases and Energy Carrier
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
Natural Gas converted to Liquid by cooling it down to – 162°C
About 1:600 of the Volume of Natural Gas in the gaseous State
1 kg of LNG burned produces kg of CO2
Calorific Value: 25.3 MJ/Litre (66% of Fossil Diesel)
Methane
By-Product of burial and decomposition from Organic Waste
1 kg of Methane burned produces kg of CO2

17. Icelandic Transport Authority
Gases and Energy Carrier
Dimethyleter (DME)
Water reduced Methanol: 2(CH3OH) -> CH3OCH3 + H2O
1 kg of DME burned produces kg of CO2
Calorific Value: 19.2 MJ/Litre (50% of Fossil Diesel)
Hydrogen (H2)
Obtained by Electrolysis
1 kg of Hydrogen burned produces kg of CO2
Calorific Value: 9.3 MJ/Litre (24% of Fossil Diesel)

18. Icelandic Transport Authority
Electricity and Batteries
Electrical Boats and Ferries
Small Boats (Pleasure Boats and Fishing Boats)
Whale Watching Boat Opal in Iceland
Passengers Ferry – Newbuilding - „Herjólfur“, Loa = 69,39 m
Batteries
Li-ion Batteries
Charged from Shore Connection
Charged from small auxiliary Engine driven by Biofuel
Charged from a axial Windmill
Charged from the reverse Revolution of the Propeller (Boat under Sails)

19. Icelandic Transport Authority

20. Icelandic Transport Authority
Profitability
Profitability from User’s Point of View
Prices are almost Compatible
User can produce his own Bio-Fuel
Positive Image
Profitability from Society’s Point of View
Environmental Impact
Energy can be made in the Country
Energy Security

21. Icelandic Transport Authority
Conclusion
Step 1: Support from Legislation of Flag States, IMO and the EU, providing for Obligation to use Bio-Fuel
Step 2: Start with Bio-Fuels, which does not require Modifications on Ship Machinery and Engines, such as Biodiesel and LNG
Step 3: Energy Carriers such as Methanol, DME and Hydrogen
Step 4: Electricity and Hybrid-form
Step 5: Other Environmentally-Friendly Energy Sources, such as Methane Gas, Ethanol and Butanol for smaller Ships

22. Thank you for your attention