1. Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis

2. ATP Adenosine Triphosphate Main energy source for animal cells
Energy is stored in the bonds between phosphate atoms
Give off LOTS of energy when broken!

3. ATP ATP is made from ADP A new phosphate gets added to ADP to make ATP
Enzymes catalyze these reactions
ATPase: breaks down ATP
ATP synthase: makes ATP from ADP
The ATP and ADP molecules get reused over and over again BUT energy does NOT get reused.

4. Cell Respiration
Energy stored in glucose is released through a process called Cell Respiration. This occurs in all living organisms.
Two types of Cell Respiration:
Aerobic – requires O2
Anaerobic – Does not require O2

5. C6H12O6 + O2  CO2 + H2O + ATP + Heat
Cellular Respiration
The process of transferring the energy in carbohydrates into a useable form of energy for the cell (ATP)
Occurs in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
C6H12O6 + O2  CO2 + H2O + ATP + Heat

6. Cellular Respiration Three phases Glycolysis
Anaerobic
Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
Aerobic
Electron Transport Chain

7. Phase I: Glycolysis Anaerobic: does NOT require O2
Occurs in the cytoplasm
Series of chemical reactions that break down one glucose into two sugar molecules
Produces 4 ATP molecules
But it takes 2 to get the reaction started for a net production of TWO ATP!

8. Phase II: Citric Acid Cycle
Also known as Krebs Cycle
Aerobic: requires O2
Occurs in the mitochondria
Glucose is broken down even further
Products: 2 ATP and CO2

9. Phase III: Electron Transport Chain
Aerobic: requires O2
Occurs in mitochondria inner membrane
Electrons from CAC pass thru a chain of proteins
Products: 32 ATP and H2O

10. Fermentation After glycolysis, if no O2 then fermentation occurs
Fermentation is an ANAEROBIC process!
Allows cell to continue using glycolysis to generate ATP
2 kinds of Fermentation
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Alcoholic Fermentation

11. Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation Alcoholic Fermentation
In animals and some bacteria
Results in the production of lactic acid
If too much builds up, can result in muscle soreness
Alcoholic Fermentation
Yeasts, plants
Used in bread and alcohol manufacturing

12. Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation Alcoholic Fermentation
Bacteria in a closed container of milk are in an anaerobic environment so they use fermentation to make ATP and the lactic acid produced curdles the milk. This is what produces cheese, yogurt, sour cream, and cottage cheese.
Alcoholic Fermentation
Yeasts in bread dough are also in anaerobic environment. CO2 gas is produced as a by product and is what makes dough rise. Alcohol evaporates out of bread during baking.

13. 32 ATP

14. Total: Aerobic Respiration Total: Anaerobic Respiration
Energy Summary (number of ATP molecules formed in each step of respiration)
Glycolysis
2 ATP
Kreb’s cycle
Electron Transport
32 ATP
Total: Aerobic Respiration
36 ATP
Glycolysis
2 ATP
Fermentation
0 ATP
Total: Anaerobic Respiration

15. Photosynthesis CO2 + H20 + Light  C6H12O6 + O2
Meaning “making with light”
Photosynthesis is the process of converting the sun’s light energy into stored carbohydrates (glucose)
Takes place in in the chloroplasts of autotrophs
The green pigment chlorophyll is required for photosynthesis
CO2 + H20 + Light  C6H12O6 + O2

16. Chemical Reactions Two phases Light Dependent Reactions
Turns light energy into ATP
Light Independent Reactions
Conversion of CO2 into Glucose

17. Light Dependent Reactions
Light energy transfers to electrons in chlorophyll
Excited electrons pass through a chain of proteins
electrons loose energy at each step, creating ATP
H20 is split to replace electrons
Gives off O2

18. Light Independent Reactions
Also known as the Calvin Cycle
DON’T CONFUSE WITH KREBS CYCLE!!!
Series of reactions that use ATP to convert CO2 into Glucose
LOTS of enzymes used
That Mrs. Ball is nice enough to NOT make you know!