1. History of Navigation Aerospace Engineering
© 2011 Project Lead The Way, Inc.

2. Navigation History Observation Observe fixed objects around us
Presentation Name
Course Name
Unit # – Lesson #.# – Lesson Name
Navigation History
Observation
Observe fixed objects around us
One drives toward a mountain or building close to a destination
Setting sun indicates westerly direction
What direction does the sun set in Australia?
The sun sets to the west in Australia. It is the same direction in the northern and southern hemisphere.

3. Navigation History Maps
Presentation Name
Course Name
Unit # – Lesson #.# – Lesson Name
Navigation History
Maps
Objects are plotted on paper to represent the earth’s surface as seen from above
Imaginary lines, latitude and longitude, make a grid to describe where something is located
Latitude lines run east-west and measure north-south
Longitude lines run north-south and measure east-west
More detailed information available at
Lines of
Latitude
Lines of
Longitude

4. Earth’s Magnetic Field
Navigation History
Compass
Magnetized piece of iron aligns to earth’s magnetic field
Magnet points to magnetic north
Magnetic north is not the same as true north
Aligns with
Magnetic Iron
Bar
Earth’s Magnetic Field

5. Navigation History Ocean Passage
Presentation Name
Course Name
Unit # – Lesson #.# – Lesson Name
Navigation History
Ocean Passage
Dead reckoning using time and velocity
Sextant measures angular altitude of star above horizon
Walker log dragged behind boat to indicate speed in knots (nautical miles per hour)
A variety of explanations exist for the term dead reckoning. Some claim it is of Portuguese origin and started as deduced reckoning. Some claim it means that if dead reckoning is done poorly, then it will result in one becoming dead. Others claim that it is derived from the term dead to mean accurate such as dead center, dead on, and dead right.

6. Navigation History Early pilots navigated by sight
Presentation Name
Course Name
Unit # – Lesson #.# – Lesson Name
Navigation History
Early pilots navigated by sight
Routes set up as a chain of visual towers
Requires line of sight from aircraft to tower
Clouds, haze, dust, etc. obscure vision
Chain of
Towers

7. Navigation History Radio Navigation LORAN-C LOng RAnge Navigation NDB
Presentation Name
Course Name
Unit # – Lesson #.# – Lesson Name
Navigation History
Radio Navigation
LORAN-C
LOng RAnge Navigation
NDB
Non-Directional Beacon
ILS
Instrument Landing System
VOR
Very High Frequency Omni-Directional Range
GPS
Global Positioning System
This content is designed to introduce Radio Navigation topics. More detail will be provided in subsequent PowerPoint files.

8. LORAN – Long Range Navigation
Presentation Name
Course Name
Unit # – Lesson #.# – Lesson Name
LORAN – Long Range Navigation
LOng RAnge Navigation
LORAN-C is no longer used
Was designed for maritime navigation
Was a supplement to aerial navigation

9. NDB – Non Directional Beacon
Measures clockwise angle between airplane longitudinal direction (airplane pointing) and NDB
Oldest electronic navigation still used
Can be used at lower altitude than VOR
Aircraft instrument: Automatic Direction Finder (ADF)

10. VOR - Very High Frequency Omni-Directional Range
Shows aircraft’s position relative to VOR radial
Very commonly used in aircraft

11. ILS – Instrument Landing System
Navigation aid to guide aircraft to runway

12. GPS – Global Positioning System
U.S. space-based radio-navigation system
Provides three-dimensional location (latitude, longitude, and altitude) plus time
Components
Satellites orbiting Earth
Control and monitoring stations on Earth
GPS receivers owned by users

13. References
Bartlett, T. (2009). The book of navigation. New York, NY: Skyhorse Publishing. Federal Aviation Administration (2009). Retrieved August 25, 2009, from iStockphoto. Retrieved from Munns, H. (1991). Unlocking the chart’s secrets. In Cruising fundamentals (p 81). Marina Del Ray, CA: American Sailing Association and International Marine.

14. References
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (2009). Retrieved from National Executive Committee for Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (2009). Retrieved from National Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing Coordination Office (2009). Global Positioning System Retrieved from

15. References
Jeppesen (2007). Navigation (2007). In Jeppesen Private pilot: Guided flight discovery (pp – 9-46). Englewood, CO: Jeppesen United States Coast Guard (2009). LORAN-C general information. Retrieved from