1. Develop strategies to help you effectively answer Paper 2 Question 3
Make notes in your book from the following slides. They will help you answer the question and get the examiner on your side!

2. What is a summary?
A summary – or précis – is a shorter version of a longer piece of writing. The summary captures all the most important parts of the original, but expresses them in a much shorter space.

3. Example
Original text ‘At a typical football match we are likely to see players committing deliberate fouls, often behind the referee’s back. They might try to take a throw-in or a free kick from an incorrect but more advantageous positions in defiance of the clearly stated rules of the game. They sometimes challenge the rulings of the referee or linesmen in an offensive way which often deserves exemplary punishment or even sending off. No wonder spectators fight amongst themselves, damage stadiums, or take the law into their own hands by invading the pitch in the hope of affecting the outcome of the match.’ [100 words]

4. Example
Summary Unsportsmanlike behaviour by footballers may cause hooliganism among spectators.
[9 words]

5. Let’s revise! Writing Complex Sentences

6. #1: Simple Sentence A simple sentence has one subject and one verb
I like to study grammar.
A simple sentence is also called an main (independent) clause.
A main (independent) clause ends with a full stop or semicolon.

7. Independent clause: only one subject and one verb
Simple sentence
One subject
I love you.
One verb
Independent clause: only one subject and one verb

8. #2: Compound Sentence
A compound sentence is made up of two or more simple sentences joined by one of the following:
A comma and one of the FANBOYS
I like to study grammar, and I love this class.
A semicolon
I like to study grammar; I love this class.
A semicolon and a transitional
I like to study grammar; therefore, I love this class.
F or
A nd
N or
B ut
O r
Y et
S o

9. Two independent clauses joined together
Compound sentence
Independent clause
I love you, and you love me.
Independent clause
Two independent clauses joined together

10. #3: Complex Sentence
A complex sentence is a simple sentence (independent clause) to which a part of a sentence (dependent clause) has been added.
Because I like to study grammar, I love this class.
I love this class because I like to study grammar.

11. Because you love me, I love you.
Complex sentence
Subordinate (dependant) clause
Because you love me, I love you.
Main (Independent) clause
A dependent clause joined to an independent clause. (The dependent clause needs the rest of the sentence for support.)

12. Subordinate (dependant) clause
Fragment!
Because you love me.
A dependant clause contains a subject and verb. It begins with a subordinating conjunction, and thus it does not express a completed thought. A dependent clause is also called a subordinate clause.
Dependent clauses, like babies, cannot stand alone.

13. A Tip on Punctuation
Since dependent clauses are only part of a sentence, you can never connect them to another sentence with a semicolon. Semicolons are only used between two independent clauses.
I have loved you for years ; although I never admitted it.
I have loved you for years, although I never admitted it.
No! OK

14. Common Subordinating (dependant) Conjunctions
after
even if
now that
that
where
although
even though
once
though
whereas as if
rather than
unless
wherever
as if
whenever
since
until
whether
because
in order
so that
when
which
before
than
in case
while

15. #4: Compound/Complex Sentence
A compound/complex sentence is the last and most complicated type of sentence.
It contains at least one dependant clause and at least two main clauses.

16. Compound complex sentence
Dependant clause
Because we are a family, I love you, and you love me.
2 independent clauses
A dependant clause added to two or more main clauses.

17. Since every sentence in English fits into one of these four categories,
Simple
Compound
Complex
Compound/
complex

18. CONGRATULATIONS! YOU NOW KNOW EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW:
To write anything you want to write,
Any way you want to write it,
And still get the punctuation right each time!
CONGRATULATIONS!