1. Coal
Energy Presentation
Christian Ornelas

2. What is Coal?
Coal is a combustible black or dark brown rock consisting mainly of carbonized plant matter, found mainly in underground deposits and widely used as fuel.

3. Types of Coal
Lignite: Coal with low organic maturity. Color can be from dark black to brown. Used mainly for power generation. Makes up 17% of World Reserves.
Sub Bituminous: Over time, temperature and pressure change the lignite, increasing its organic maturity. Used in power generation, cement manufacturing, and industrial use. Makes up 30% of World Reserves.
Bituminous: As time goes on, with added temp and pressure, the sub bituminous coal undergoes physical and chemical changes, and gets blacker and harder. It can be used in power generation, cement manufacturing, industrial use, and manufacturing iron and steel. Makes up 52% of World Reserves.
Anthracite: is made when bituminous coal undergoes more organic maturity. Mainly used for smokeless fuel. Makes up 1% of World Reserves.

4. Bituminous
Sub Bituminous
Lignite
Anthracite

5. Sources of Coal
It has been estimated that there are over 861 billion tons of coal reserves in the world, which could last us 112 more years at the current rate.
The biggest coal reserves are in the USA, Russia, China, and India.
Coal exists underground in formations call “coal beds”

6. Coal Extraction: Underground Mining
Room and pillar mining: coal deposits are mined by cutting 'rooms' into the coal seam and leaving behind 'pillars' of coal to support the roof of the mine. Some of the coal is left behind, but the rest is carried out on conveyor belts

7. What is needed to extract coal?
Motor Scraper
Drag Lines
Bucketwheel Excavator
conveyors

8. Coal Extraction: Surface/Strip mining
Usually only used when coal seams are near the surface
This method is able to recover more coal
Top soil and rocks are first broken up with explosives
Once the coal seam is visible, it is drilled, fractured, and mined in strips
This method uses heavy machinery

9. Uses of Coal Electricity Generation steam/thermal coal
Steel Production
metallurgic/coking coal
Cement Manufacturing
used as energy source
Liquid Fuel
dissolved in solvent at high temps with pressure

10. How is Coal refined?
Coal is washed in water or a chemical bath, this gets rid of some impurities. It is then pulverized into a heavy powder just before being burned.

11. How is coal turned into electricity?
Coal is made into a fine powder
Burned in a Boiler
The heat and gases are then used to turn water into steam
Steam is pushed into a turbine, causing propellers to spin
Generator gets the electricity that the turbine produces
Steam is condensed and reused

12. How is coal used in steel production?
Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon
Coking cole is turned into coke, leaving almost pure carbon
Coal is heated in coking ovens for hours
To make Steel, coke, iron ore, and other minerals that collect impurities are put in a blast furnace and the coke reacts with the iron ore and melts it
Then the molten iron and the impurities are drained off
Then go to a basic oxygen furnace where the iron is combined with steel scraps. 99% pure oxygen is blown in, causing the temperature rise. The scrap melts, impurities are oxidized, and the carbon content is reduced by 90%, resulting in liquid steel

13. Average Sale Price of Coal in the U.S.
Coal prices are usually always lower than gas and oil
1 Short ton = 2,000 pounds
Average bituminous coal price: $66.04/short ton
Average sub bituminous coal price: $15.34/short ton
Average Lignite coal price: $19.60/short ton
Average Anthracite coal price: $80.21/short ton

15. Ecological Problem: Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Spill
A failure at Kingston Fossil Plant let 5.4 million cubic yards spill into rivers and over 300 acres of land.
December 22, 2008
It was the largest coal ash spill in history
Damaged 12 homes and hundreds of properties
Testing of river water near the spill showed elevated levels of lead and thallium, which can cause birth defects and nervous and reproductive system disorders
Killed hundreds of fish and other wild life in the region

16. Disadvantages of Coal Non-Renewable
Soil Erosion, dust, noise, and water pollution.
Air Pollution
Decrease in local biodiversity.
Burning coal can emit carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, sulphuric acids, arsenic, and ash which are all harmful.
Large scale coal burning can lead to acid rain in some places.
Can potentially cause health problems for employees

17. Advantages of Coal More abundant than oil and natural gas
Cheaper than other energy sources
Can be safely stored
transporting coal is easy
reliable energy is produced from coal
coal is versatile
burning coal can profuse useful by-products

18. U.S. Consumption
In 2013, The US consumed about 900 million short tons of coal, while it only produced about 1000 millions short tons
Since 1950, coal consumption in the United States has increased by almost 500 million short tons
The United States has enough recoverable coal reserves to last at least another 250 years

19. Global Coal Consumption (2013)
Unit: MT (Megaton) refers to 1 million tons
China consumed 3,588 MT of coal
U.S. consumed 845 MT of coal
India consumed 828 MT of coal
Germany consumed 252 MT of coal
Russia consumed 211 MT of coal
Japan consumed 186 MT of coal
South Africa consumed182 MT of coal
Poland consumed 137 MT of coal
Australia consumed 135 MT of coal
South Korea consumed 127 MT of coal
Top 10 coal consuming countries
in order

20. sources http://www.worldcoal.org/coal/uses-of-coal/http://