1. Coal emissions BRITTANEY, ALONDRA, ERIKA

2. Coal facts Coal is considered a nonrenewable resource because it cannot be replenished on a human time frame. There are four different types of coal: lignite, subbituminous, bituminous, and anchorite. Coal is ranked according to how much it has changed over time. Hilts law states that the deeper the coal seem the higher it ranks lignite-is the lowest ranking of coal. It has carbonized past the point of being peat, but contains low amount of energy Sub-bituminous coal is about 100 million years old also called black lignite, generally dark brown to black coal, intermediate in rank between lignite and bituminous coal according to the coal classification Bituminous- soft coal, it’s the most abundant form of coal, most commonly called steam coal Anthracite- hard coal it contains more fixed carbon about 86% it has a black steel gray color.

3. What are the primary uses of coal?  The most significant use of coal is electricity.  Around 6 billion tons of hard coal was used last year, and 1 billion in brown coal.  The five largest coal users are China, USA, India, Russia, and Japan they use about 76% of the worlds coal.  It was once heavily used to heat homes, power locomotives, and heat factories.  In order to use coal as energy you have to burn it through power generators.

4. Coal vs peat Coal  Literally means mineral of fossilized carbon.  Coal is the largest source of energy for the generation of electricity worldwide  It was formed from the remains of vegetation that grew over 400 million years ago peat  Accumulation of partially decayed vegetation, or organic matter, that are in peat lands and mires  Fuel peat is used in areas where coal and wood are scarce  Organic fuel consisting of a light, spongy material formed in temperate, humid environments by the accumulation and partial decomposition of vegetable remains under conditions of poor drainage

5. These are the different types of coal This shows how long and how much pressure it takes to make the different types of coal.

6. How does coal create electricity?  Water is turned into steam which drives the turbines, and produces energy.  Coal fired power stations are not very efficient most do not reach 40% efficient.  Coal costs between 7-14 cents per kwhr

7. Environmental effects of coal  Coal fired plants cause 24,000 deaths per year  Acid rain from high sulfur coal  Contamination of ground water due to mining  Uncontrollable coal seam fire which may burn for decades or centuries  Releases of carbon dioxide causes climate change and global warming

8. PROS VS CONS PROS  Coal can be substantially cheaper than other forms of heat, especially when compared to electricity  Coal produced 49 percent of electricity in the United States  Can be made low carbon and clean with CCS and various scrubbers. CONS  Coal is non renewable  Mining and burning harms the environment  It increases sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide releasing mercury into the environment  According to the EPA, coal contributes 31 percent of all CO2, the largest of any source.

9. Pollutant output  3.7 million tons of carbon dioxide  10,000 tons of sulfur dioxide  10,200 tons of nitrogen oxide.  220 tons of hydrocarbons  720 tons of carbon monoxide.

10. Coal mining  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vXs6MaL0mbg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vXs6MaL0mbg  Strip mining- removing the overburden area to get the coal in long cuts or strips, they drill holes in the surface and blast it with explosives.  Contour mining- used in areas with rolling to steep terrain removing overburden land along a ridge or hill side, can cause landslide and erosion  Mountaintop removal- involves the removing of mountain tops to expose coal seams  Underground mining-accountants for 60% of world coal production the room and pillar method goes along the seam

11. Coal mining cont.  Coal is extracted from the ground by coal mining, either underground by shaft mining, or at ground level by open pit mining extraction.  Since 1953 the world top coal producer has been china.  In 2011 china produced 3520 million tones of coal.

12. History of coal  It was the fuel of the industrial revolution and although many other energy sources have replaced some of the applications in which coal was used, it still is an important fuel for electrical generation.  In 2010 coal was responsible for about 46% of the electricity generated in the United States.  Although there are a number of different designs for coal-fired powerplants, all use the heat produced in the combustion reaction to heat water to steam

13. Politics of coal / recent events  Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969- created the MESA mining enforcement safety administration, and addressed underground and surface mining.  http://www.newsobserver.com/2014/03/17/3710211/coal-ash-ponds-in- chatham-county.html http://www.newsobserver.com/2014/03/17/3710211/coal-ash-ponds-in- chatham-county.html  In recent news the Kentucky coal ash dumping was discovered on hidden cameras

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15. Websites used  http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2014/04/coal/nijhuis-text http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2014/04/coal/nijhuis-text  http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/business/energy-environment/coal/ http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/business/energy-environment/coal/  http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-and-you/affect/coal.html