1. Section ii introduction to art history pages 21-32
By: Kelli G.

2. definitions:
Aesthetic-the philosophical inquiry into the nature and expression of beauty Art Criticism-the explanation of current art events to the general public via the press Formal Analysis-art historians generally analyze works of art in two ways that are distinct from one another, but also interrelated. Also called Contextual Analysis Pliny the Elder-a ancient roman historian and contemporary art in his text Natural History Giorgio Vasari-during the Renaissance, the author and artist ( ) gathered the biographies of great Italian artist’s, past and present, in The Lives of the Artists

3. More definitions:
Johann Joachim Winckelmann-( ) was a German scholar who shifted away from Vasari’s biographical emphasis to a rigorous study of stylistic development as related to historical
Line-is the basic of art elements
Shape-what defines the two dimensional area of an object
Forms-are objects that are three-dimensional, having length, width, and depth
Positive Space-the objects, shapes, or forms in an artwork. Sometimes these may be called the Figure
Negative Space-(three-dimensional forms) may surround the forms or maybe created as a result of open spaces within the forms, architecture, ceramic objects, sculpture

4. More definitions continued:
Color Wheel-dates from the eighteenth century, though the underlining concepts were developed by Sir Isaac Newton in the seventeenth century
Value-is often used when discussing the lightness or darkness of a color or of gray. Values in an artwork may be primarily dark or primarily light or may be contrasting from dark to light
Neutrals-black and white aren’t hues; they are neutrals. When mixing black and white, artists can create a continuum of grays
Intensity-refers to the brightness or purity of a color. The unmixed primary colors, being pure in color, are generally considered to be the most intense colors
Hue-is simply the name of the color

5. More definitions:
Arbitrary Color-Artists who use arbitrary color choose colors for their emotional or aesthetic impact
Composition-refers to the artist’s organization of the elements of art, whether in two- or three-dimensional works
Local Color-refers to the “true’’ color pf an object or area as seen in normal daylight, irrespective of the effects of distance or reflections from other objects
Rhythm-is the principle that we associate with movement or pattern
Motif/Pattern-are two aspects of repetition. A Motif is a single element of a pattern
Balance-refers to the equal distribution of visual weight in a work of art

6. More definitions:
Approximate Symmetry-to avoid the rigidity and monotony that may accompany a symmetrical composition, many artists employ Approximate Symmetry
Asymmetrical Balance-is a visual balance that is achieved through the organization of unlike objects
Focal Point-an element that contrasts with the rest of a composition with create Focal Point where the eye tends to rest
Proportion-refers to the size relationships among the parts of a composition
Scale-refers to the dimensional relation of the parts of a work to the work in its entirely and can refer to the overall size of an artwork
Shading-can also be used to change values

7. More definitions:
Hatching-consists of placing lines closely side by side
Crosshatching-is a process in which lines are crisscrossed to create shading
Stippling-many drawing media can be blended to change their value and enhance shading
Intaglio Printmaking-works in the opposite manner from relief printmaking
Engraving-carving tools are used to element in the intaglio process
Etching-another intaglio process is etching. In this process, the design is incised through a layer of wax or varnish, applied to the surface of a metal plate

8. Even more definitions:
Lithography-is a process in which the image is drawn with a waxy pencil or crayon directly on a plate, which can be made of stone, zinc, or aluminum
Fresco-the fresco technique is usually used to paint on walls and ceilings
Tempera-are paintings that require great skill, and there are limitations to this medium
Gouache-is a water-based opaque paint that is to school-quality tempera, but of higher quality
Watercolor-are transparent, a quality that dictates the manner in which they are used
Carving-is a subtractive process in which some of the original material is removed

9. Ok last part of definitions:
Modeling-is a soft, workable material like clay, wax, plaster, or paper- mache is formed by hand
Art-is a newer category of art form that first emerged in the 1960’s, and many works that fit in this category could be classified as a sculpture
Collage-is a kind of mixed media in which artists combine various materials such as photographs, unusual papers, theater tickets, and virtually any other two-dimensional materials that can be adhered to a surface
Post-and-Lintel construction-technique in which a long stone or wooden beam is placed horizontally across upright posts

10. The end…