1. Chapter 1 Chemistry: The Science of Matter
Section 1: The Puzzle of Matter

2. The Puzzle of Matter: Learning Objectives
Classify matter according to its composition
Distinguish among elements, compounds, homogeneous mixtures, and heterogeneous mixtures
Relate the properties of matter to structure

3. A picture of Matter Composition and Behavior Chemistry Matter Mass
Examples of things that are not matter:
Heat and light from a lamp
Thoughts
Ideas
Radio waves
Magnetic fields

4. A picture of Matter cont..
Composition and Behavior
Structure of matter refers to its composition (what matter is made of)
Also organized
Properties
Includes the changes that matter undergoes
Figure 1.2
Discussion

5. A picture of Matter Composition and Behavior
You can determine some properties of matter by examining and manipulating matter. Figure 1.3
You usually cannot tell what something is made up of only by looking at it.
Measurements must be made or chemical changes observed. Figure 1.4

6. A picture of Matter The macroscopic level of matter
Matter that is large enough to be seen is called macroscopic
Touch, feel, smell, taste, and see.
Figure 1.5
The appearance and properties of a piece of matter are a direct result of its structure.
Submicroscopic view

7. A picture of Matter The submicroscopic level of matter
Talking about atoms
Scanning Tunneling microscope produces images on a computer of atom location

8. Using Models in Chemistry
Chemistry uses both macroscopic and submicroscopic perspectives
Sucrose and aspirin are composed of same elements: Hydrogen, Carbon, and Oxygen.
The differences in these substances are related to the number of atoms and the microscopic arrangement of their atoms
Figure 1.7
Use an analogy

9. Using Models in Chemistry
Different Types of Models
Models are sometimes something you can see and manipulate
Models we are familiar with—model cars, airplanes, proposed buildings
A model of a submicroscopic structure of matter must explain the observed macroscopic behavior, and predict behavior not yet observed.
Figure 1.8 gives example of a Scientific Model
Data from many experiments are gathered to create a visual, verbal, or mathematical model.

10. Classifying Matter Classification by composition
Broadest type of classification
What is it made of ?
Sucrose – elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
This description is a qualitative observation.
How much of each is present?
100.0 g of sucrose- 42.1g of carbon, 51.4g of oxygen, 6.5g of hydrogen
This is a quantitative observation.

11. Classifying Matter Pure Substance or a mixture? Pure Substances
Every bit of matter being examined is the same substance
Composition is fixed
White sand (silicon dioxide) % oxygen, 46.8% silicon
Mixtures
Every particle is not the same
So the properties are not the same throughout.
Composition is also not fixed
Discussion-Pure Substance, Mixtures
Tie to previous Knowledge

12. Classifying Matter
Pure Substance or a mixture?
Most of matter you encounter everyday is a mixture.
Figure 1.12 Mixtures
Everyday Chemistry

13. Classifying Matter The separation of mixtures into substances
Mixtures can be separated into its components by physical processes.
The word physical tells you that the process does not change the identity of a substance
Separating by physical change in one easier way to separate mixtures
Boiling, freezing, melting, evaporating, dissolving, and crystallizing.
Physical Properties
Solubility, melting point, boiling point, color, density, electrical conductivity, and physical state (solid, liquid, or gas)
Figure 1.13
Demo-suspensions and colloids

14. Classifying Matter Types of Mixtures
Heterogeneous mixtures are ones that do not have a uniform composition and in which the individual substances remain distinct.
“hetero”-different
“genea”-source
Homogenous mixtures are the same throughout.
Sugar in water, lemonade, ect.
“homo”-same
Another name for a homogenous mixture is solution.

15. Classifying Matter Types of mixtures
Liquid solutions do not have to contain water
Gasoline, air, steel
Alloys
Table 1.1
Aqueous solution-when solvent is water
When you dissolve sugar in water, sugar is the solute
The water is the solvent
Soft drinks, tea, contact-lens cleaner, and other cleaning liquids
Most processes of life!!!

16. Substances: Pure Matter
Elements: The Building Blocks
There are two types of pure substances
Compound
Can be broken down to simpler substances
Element
Type of substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances
Only 117 elements that combine with each other to form the millions of known compounds
Only 92 occur naturally in Earth
Less than half are abundant enough to play a significant role in the chemistry of everyday life.
All substances of the universe are elements, compounds formed from elements, or mixtures of elements and compounds.
Literature Connection (Jules Verne and His Icebergs)
Table 1.2

17. Substances: Pure Matter
Compounds
A more complete definition of compound is a chemical combination of two or more different elements joined together in a fixed proportion.
Water is always 11.2 percent hydrogen and 88.8 percent oxygen by mass
2 hydrogen, 1 oxygen by atoms
Every Compound has its own fixed composition, and that composituion results in a unique set of chemical and phusical properties.
The properties of the compound are different the the individual elements properties that make up the compound.
NaCl (table salt)
Figure 1.18

18. Substances: Pure Substances
Compounds
Chemistry & Society
Table 1.3 Common Compounds
New compounds are discovered and isolated from natural sources such as plants and colonies of bacteria
Also can be synthesized in laboratories.

19. Substances: Pure Substances
Formulas of Compounds
A chemical formula is a combination of the chemical symbols that show what elements make up a compound and the number of atoms of each element
C12H22O carbons, 22 hydrogen, 11 oxygen atoms
Formulas provide a shorthand way of describing a submicroscopic view of a compound.
Section 1.1 Assessment
Writing about chemistry
Detailed response to “Natural products are always better than synthetic products”