1. Development Infancy & Childhood

2. INUTERO Hereditary characteristics Environment/surroundings
Nature vs. Nurture controversy begin
Are we born a certain way OR are we made that way by our experiences?

3. Hereditary Genes=basic units Chromosomes:where genes are carried
Zygote: 2 gametes unite (46 chromosomes)

4. Maturation Processes Automatic sequential events in development
Many behaviors are not learned ex. Walking
Need nutrition, safety, and stimulation to prevent slowing/stopping the process

7. Some behaviors are intrinsic (not learned) Dog wagging its tail
Smiling
Some are imitation & best learned b4 age 12
Ex. accents

8. Feral Children: Raised by animals & act like them

9. Pple. Need care until 1 yr. old or they die!!

10. Family Structures Parents +children ______ Nuclear
Other relatives +parents +children
_________
Extended

11. Newer Structures Divorces: 90% of custody goes to women
Bad: women pd less than men, unstable to lack both parents
Good: arguments can ruin child’s security, teaches poor prblm. Solving.

12. Step Families
Difficult: Parents must discuss rules/discipline
Can cause resentment
Same-Sex families: Increasing w/ increased adoptions

14. Inc. in stay-at-home dads
Change
Benefit
Drawback
Moms work outside home
No proven neg. if mom gives
Give affection & clear guidelines when she is home
Spend ½ as much time w/ children
Inc. in stay-at-home dads
Affectionate Dads inc. the child’s indep. & self-worth
Regardless of w/ love kids develop the same..can be easier w/2 pple. it

16. Permissive+ let kids do what they want none
Parenting Strategy
Benefit
Drawback
Permissive+ let kids do what they want
none
Don’t learn about acceptable behavior & consequences, inc. chance of impulsive bhvr., dec. self-confidence, trble. w/decisions, poor peer relationships

18. None Authoritarian: Make & enforce rules but are flexible
Teach how to make your own decisions, listen & offer suggestions, inc. self-confidence & good pple. skills
None
Dictatorial: rigid, inflexible
Perceived as fair
Leads to poor decision making, moodiness, low self-esteem and poor relationships

19. (non-abusive hitting/ slapping) Quick bhvr. Change
Over-effort
(helicopter)
Shows care for child
Doesn’t inc. love of music, language etc.
Inc. fear/anxiety
Physical Punishment
(non-abusive hitting/
slapping)
Quick bhvr. Change
Does not teach rt. & wrong
Sign of parent wanting love & not to love

20. Growth Cycles Body parts develop @ diff. rates
Females= continuous growth & faster to develop mentally & physically
Boys=slower & in spurts

21. Critical Periods
Time period when a skill may be learned it will not be learned ( or will be painfully difficult!)
Ex. languages

22. Language Skills Babbling=norm. to explore new sounds
Imitation teaches what sounds to keep
Your language/word choice is effected by environment (wicked, y’all, A’H)

23. Lawrence Kohlberg’s
Stages of
Moral
Development

24. Early Life Lived in Bronxville, NY
Interested in morals after the Holocaust
Graduated College in 1 Year (Chicago)

25. His Career Taught at Yale & Harvard (psychology)
Made “just schools & prisons=democracy to make all decisions

26. His Death Did cross-cultural studies in Belize Got a parasite
Chronic depression & pain
Left Boston Memorial Hospital & drowned himself in Boston Harbor

27. Moral Development Theory
Morals based on authority
No abstract ideas of right/wrong
Only think about punishment/reward
Think all good bhvrs. Should get rewards!
Preconventional
Younger than 6

28. If you accidentally hurt someone, is it as morally wrong as hurting someone on purpose?

29. Base rt/wrong on the expectations of society
Conventional
7-11 or forever
Base rt/wrong on the expectations of society
Consider intentions because society does
(manslaughter v. murder 1)

30. If your morals are inconveniant, do you ignore them?

31. Post-Conventional
11+ if ever!!
Base morals on human rights that you developed on your own!
If good/right idea is inconvenient it is ignored

32. Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
He was WICKED smart!

33. Sensorimotor Stage
Birth-2 yrs.
Time spent on senses&moving
Reach for pleasurable things
No object permanence ( if you cant see it, it doesn’t exist!)
End of stage: language begins

34. Preoperational
2-7 yrs.
Have object permanence
Believe everything has their abilities
Inc. Language
No reversibility: Can’t see life from a diff. perspective
No conservation: ex Glasses of water

36. Concrete Operational 7-11 yrs. Some never leave
Inc. reasoning
Have reversibility & conservation
Difficulty seeing multiple traits of an object
Strict rules/ no grey areas
multiple classification, and seriation. Their humor is also very concrete and linear.

37. Formal Operational/
Operational
11 + yrs
( if ever!!)
Have symbolic thoughts (math, philosophy)
Controversial: some critical thinking must be taught in industrial H.S. (a biased stage!)