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The Making of Industrial Society
Chapter 29 The Making of Industrial Society Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Patterns of Industrialization
Technological developments made possible production by machine rather than by hand Inanimate sources of energy—coal, petroleum—harnessed Factory dominated industrial production Encouraged new divisions of labor, belt-driven assembly lines, mass production Expense of equipment led to formation of large businesses Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Coal and Colonies Coal in Great Britain played crucial role
Previous use of wood led to wood shortages Large coal deposits in easy reach of water transport, centers of commerce, pools of labor Americas supplied Europeans with growing volume of raw materials Plantation economies provided sugar and cotton; created markets for manufactured imports Consumer demand encouraged transformation of British cotton industry Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Mechanization of the Cotton Industry
Flying shuttle (1733), John Kay Sped up weaving output; stimulated demand for thread The “mule” (1779), Samuel Compton Could produce 100 times more thread than a manual wheel Power loom (1785), Edmund Cartwright Supplanted hand weavers in cotton industry by 1820s Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Steam Power Development of general-purpose steam engine, 1765, by James Watt Coal-fired Multiple uses Horsepower to measure energy generated Especially prominent in textile industry Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Iron and Steel 1709, British smelters began to use coke rather than charcoal Iron production skyrocketed Iron fittings and parts for stronger machinery Nineteenth century was age of steel 1856: Henry Bessemer built refined blast furnace, Bessemer converter Made production of steel faster and cheaper Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Transportation Railroads Steamships
1815: first steam-powered locomotive Rocket (1829), 28 mph Steamships Dense transportation networks developed 13,000 miles of railroads laid between 1830 and 1870 Rapid and inexpensive transportation encouraged industrialization Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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The Factory System Early modern Europe had adopted “putting-out” system Individuals worked at home; employers avoided wage restrictions of medieval guilds Rising prices caused factories to replace both guilds and putting-out system Machines too large, expensive for home use Large buildings could house specialized laborers Urbanization guaranteed supply of cheap labor Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Working Conditions and Industrial Protest
Dramatic shift from rural work rhythms Six days a week, fourteen hours a day Immediate supervision, punishments “Luddite” protest against machines, 1811–1816 Masked Luddites destroyed machinery, enjoyed popular support Movement died out after 14 Luddites hung in 1813 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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The Early Spread of Industrialization
By mid-nineteenth century, industrialization had spread to France, Germany, Belgium, U.S. French revolution and Napoleonic wars set stage Internal trade barriers abolished Dismantling of guilds that discouraged innovation and restricted movement of labor German industrialization proceeded more slowly But after 1871, Bismarck sponsored rapid industrialization Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Industrial Europe ca. 1850 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Industrialization in North America
Began in 1820s in New England with cotton textile industry 1870s, heavy iron and steel industries emerged in Pennsylvania, Alabama By 1900, United States an economic powerhouse, industrialization spilling over into Canada Industry stimulated by railroad construction Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Mass Production Eli Whitney (United States, 1765–1825)
Invention of cotton gin (1793) Also technique of using machine tools to make interchangeable parts for firearms Mass production rapidly became hallmark of industrial societies Henry Ford, 1913, developed assembly-line approach Completed automobile chassis every 93 minutes Previously: 728 minutes Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Big Business Large factories required start-up capital
Corporations formed to share risk, maximize profits Britain and France laid foundations for modern corporation, 1850–1860s Large corporations formed blocs to drive out competition, keep prices high John D. Rockefeller controlled almost all oil drilling, processing, refining, marketing in U.S. Governments often slow to control monopolies Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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The Demographic Transition
Industrializing lands experienced marked decline in both fertility and mortality Better diets Improved disease control Smallpox vaccine (1797) At first, mortality fell faster than fertility Over time, declining birthrates led to lower population growth, relative demographic stability Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Population Growth (millions)
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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The Urban Environment Urbanization proceeded dramatically
1800: about 20% of British population lived in towns with population of 10,000 or more 1900: 75% lived in urban environments Pattern repeated in rest of industrialized world Intensified industrial pollution City centers became overcrowded, unsanitary Income determined degree of comfort, security Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Transcontinental Migration
Nineteenth to early twentieth century, rapid population growth drove Europeans to Americas 50 million crossed Atlantic British migrants to avoid urban slums, Irish to avoid potato famines of 1840s, Jews to abandon tsarist persecution Many entered workforce of United States Aided rapid U.S. industrialization Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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New Social Classes Economic factors resulted in decline of slavery
Capitalist wealth brought new status to non-aristocratic families New urban classes of professionals Blue-collar factory workers Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Women at Home and Work Agriculture and domestic manufacturing had easily accommodated women Industrialization changed terms of work Working-class women were expected to work until marriage, often after marriage as well Domestic service Labor-saving devices replaced women’s industrial jobs Middle-class women confined to domestic sphere Expected to conform to new models of behavior Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Child Labor Easily exploited, abused
1840s, British Parliament began to pass child labor laws Moral concerns removed children from labor pool Also, need for educated workforce Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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The Socialist Challenge
Socialism first used in context of utopian socialists Charles Fourier (1772–1837) and Robert Owen (1771–1858) Opposed competition of market system Attempted to create small model communities Inspirational for larger social units Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Karl Marx (1818–1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820–1895)
Two major classes: Capitalists, who control means of production Proletariat, wageworkers who sell labor Exploitative nature of capitalist system Religion: “opiate of the masses” The Communist Manifesto Argued for an overthrow of capitalists in favor of a “dictatorship of the proletariat” Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Social Reform and Trade Unions
Socialism had major impact on nineteenth-century reformers Addressed issues of medical insurance, unemployment compensation, retirement benefits Trade unions formed for collective bargaining Strikes to address workers’ concerns Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Global Effects of Industrialization
Geographic division of labor Some peoples produced raw materials Others processed and consumed them Uneven economic development Developing export dependencies of Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa, south and southeast Asia Low wages, small domestic markets Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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