1. Revision: the cold war

2. Short-term causes for the cold war
Ideological differences ( capitalism-communism): Open Door Policy
Disagreements / suspicions during WWII
-opening of the the second front ( the Tehran Conference, 1943)
- The Percentages Agreement, 1944/ Spheres of Influence, p.54
- Yalta & Potsdam, 1945: the German question
- questions on Eastern Europe
- questions on Turkey and Greece
- USA- ATOMIC BOMB, Stalin was not informed

3. Economic disaster Soviet losses on p. 58
Soviet Union wanted to ahve reparations from the whole German area
Dollar diplomacy

4. Long-term causes,
Isaac Deurscher, Howard Roffman, R. C. Nation: The Bolshevik revolution, 1917 paved ther way for the Great Contest
S.U seen as a hostile contury: an outcast which was supposed to be isolated
From 1917 to -28 : the rivalry between the economic and political systems
* Lenin and Trotsky international revolutionaries
* Russian civil war ; foreign interventions

5. L.-T. Causes
Polish-Russo war ( backed by BR. and FR); ;In the Treaty of Riga Russia lost significant areas
Soviet isolation; Bolshevik Government excluded from the Peace settlements , agreements and The League of Nations
Antagonism and co-operation,
Stalin´s approach more on the ” Socialism in one country”
Great Depression in the west
The Rise of Hitler: relations between the U.S and S.U began to improve ( official recognition, membership in the League)

6. Realpolitik and ideology
Realities bacame more important than ideology ( examples: Rapallo, 1922, Stalin´s approach: an agreement with the West against the Nazis could be a solution, Nazi-German Pact, 1939)
Ideology still mattered: The Munich Conference, 1938, Spanish civil war; U.S businessmen supported the Fascist Franco, Anti-semitic Polish government supported by France & Britain ( feared communism so much), The impact of the Great Purge of Stalin..

7. WWII and the co-operation
Operation Barbarossa, 1941: The Soviet Union joined the Allied forces
Roosevelt´s approach: the Nazi Germany is more dangerous than the Soviet Union→ the formation of the Grand Alliance ( even there were examples like the Winter War, annexation of the Baltic states..)

8. Historians
Orthodox view: William Hardy Mcneill, Herbert Feis: The resbonsibility for the outbreak of the Cold War rested with the Soviet expansionist policies ( Marxism-Leninism to be blamed)
Reviosionist view: W. A Williams; USA was to be blamed: Soviet Union too weak
Post-Reviosionist: Martin Mc Cauley; Both sides to be blamed:mistunderstandings, the role of the advisors..

9. How? A) The Iron Curtain desdended across Europe between 1945-48
* Communism established in Eastern Europe
* principles of US. Foreign policy: containment and the Truman doctrine
* The Marshall Plan, 1947

10. B) The German question
- Germany divided into zones ( also Berlin, situated within the Soviet zone)
- Western zones united in 1947; new currency, price controls ended → Stalin announced the Berlin blockade, June 1948-May 1949: ALL ROAD, RAIL AND CANAL LINKS BETWEEN WEST-BERLIN AND WEST-GERMANY WERE CLOSED!
→FOR 10 MONTHS supplies were airlifted to the blockaded city, in May 1949 the Russians admitted the failure of the blockade: The great psychological victory for the West

11. Result/ Berlin blockade
Establishment of two Germanies: BRD and DDR ( socialist)
- SU drained DDR´s resources, governed its policy ( Satellite states of the SU)
- The Economic rise of BRD with the help of the US, joined EEC and NATO ( in 1955)

12. c) Establishment of Military alliances
NATO, 1949
The Warsaw Pact, 1955
The Korean War ,
the hottest war of the cold war”
The DOMINO theory
Background, the war and its effects (hand-out)

13. Effects of the Korean War (1950-53)
Implementation of NSC 68
Strengthening of NATO ( new members; Greece, Turkey, the organisation was given an expanded secretariat and an unified command structure working under US Supreme commander)
Rearmament of BRD
Restoration of sovereignty to Japan
Increased aid to French in Vietnam
Resumption of aid to Taiwan
ANZUS pact ( Australia, New Zealand, US: agaist Japan and on the other hand against communism)
→ MILITARIZATION AND GLOBALIZATION OFTHE COLD WAR!

14. THE THAW ( 1953-55) WHY? End of the Korean War Stalin´s death
Khrushchev´s ” Peaceful Coexistence” and Eisenhower´s ” New Look”
In Soviet Proposal dealing with the unification of Germany