1. Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt

2. Progressive Roots
Middle class --- addressed problems causing social upheavals
Social Gospel = Christian teachings
Journalists and writers exposed unsafe working conditions
Progressive Movement
Restore economic opportunities
Correct injustices

3. Muckrakers Muckrakers = 1906
Journalists who wrote about the corrupt side of business
Mass circulated magazines
McClure’s, Cosmopolitan, Collier’s & Everybody’s
“The Shame of the Cities”
Corrupt alliance between big business and municipal government
Ida Tarbell = Standard Oil
David G. Phillips = Senate

4. Political Progressivism
Modernize American institutions = 2 goals
Use the state to curb monopoly power
Improve the common persons conditions
Reforming Elections
Secret ballot
Initiative --- Bill originated by the people
Referendum --- Vote on the initiative
Recall --- Removal of public official from elected positions by forcing them to face another election before the end of their term

5. Election of Senators Primary System
Allowed voters instead of political machines to choose candidates for public office
Special popular election
17th Amendment
Each States Legislature had chosen its own senators
Gave power to the party bosses and wealthy corporations
Progressives pushed for popular election of senators
Ratified in 1913

6. Progressivism in the Cities/ States
Texas = 1901
Expert staff commissions to manage urban affairs
City Manager System
Took politics out of municipal administration
Attack slum lords
Clean up water, light streets, trolleys, sanitation
Regulating public utilities

7. Women Settlement House Movement Suffrage “Moral and Maternal Issues”
Child labor, sweatshops, TB = tenements, food, alcohol, & factory reform
Activist Groups emerged
National Consumers League = 1899
Women’s Trade Union League = 1903
Women / Children’s Bureau = 1912

8. Women Cont. Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire = 1911 New York
146 women – immigrant
New York
Laws passed regulating hours and conditions of sweatshops

9. Women Cont. 1917 30 states enacted workers compensation laws
Insurance to workers injured on the job
Anti Liquor Campaigns
Women’s Christian Temperance Union
“Dry Laws”
“Wet Laws” = cities / immigrants

10. TR’s Square Deal Square Deal
Demanding a fair deal for capital, labor, and the public
3 C’s
Control of Corporations
Consumer Protection
Conservation

11. Coal Strike 1902 - Pennsylvania Set new grounds
140,000 coal miners went on strike
20% raise, 9 hr workday
5 months into strike --- reserves running low
Roosevelt called both sides to White House
Settled strike --- arbitration
10%, 9 hr workday
Set new grounds
When strike threatened public welfare --- federal government will intervene
Department of Commerce / Labor = 1903

12. TR Corrals Corporations
Goal was Federal Regulation
ICC had little power --- Interstate Commerce Commission
Elkins Act = 1903
Illegal for railroad officials to give and shippers to receive rebates for using particular railroads
Could not change set rates without notifying the public
Hepburn Act = 1906
Limited distribution or free railroad passes
Gave ICC power to set maximum railroad rates

13. Cont.
Trust-busting
1902
Went after railroads --- Northern Securities Company
J.P. Morgan / James J. Hill
Monopoly over N.W. Railroads
1904
Roosevelt administration filed 44 antitrust suits
Winning a number of them
“Regulating not Fragmenting”

14. Caring for the consumer
Regulating Foods And Drugs
The Jungle --- Upton Sinclair
Appointed a commission of experts to investigate the meatpacking industry
Meat Inspection Act
Dictated strict cleanliness requirements
Federal meat inspection

15. Pure Food and Drug Act
Manufacturers claimed products accomplished everything
Children's medicines / opium, cocaine, or alcohol
Harmful preservatives in food
1906
Pure Food and Drug Act
Halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines
Called for the truth in labeling

16. Earth Control Wasteful Americans Carey Act = 1894
Ranchers, Timbermen = destructive
Desert land Act = 1877
Sold land cheaply
Irrigate thirsty soil = 3 yrs
Forest Reserve Act = 1891
Set aside public forests as national parks / reserves
Carey Act = 1894
Gave federal land to states = irrigated and settled
Newlands Act = 1902
Western states – sale of land
Funds used to develop irrigation projects
Roosevelt Dam = Arizona's Salt River

17. Conservation John Muir – Naturalist 1903
Set aside 125 million acres of forest reserves
Yosemite National Park
1.5 millions acres of water power sites
80 million acres - Survey for mineral and water resources
50 wildlife sanctuaries - National Parks

18. Roosevelt Panic - 1907 Short Panic on Wall street
“Theodore the Meddler”
Unsettled industry
Paved the way for overdue fiscal reform
Currency shortage
Aldrich-Vreeland Act = 1908
Issue emergency currency backed by various kinds of collateral
Leading to the Federal Reserve Act

19. Taft Election 1908 Republican = William Howard Taft Secretary of War
Democrat = William Jennings Bryan
Taft easily won
Pursued a cautiously progressive agenda
Did not expand – consolidated Roosevelt’s Reforms

20. Taft Cont. Trustbuster 90 trusts in 4 years 1911 Standard Oil
U.S. Steel Corporations
Platform = Lowering Tariffs
Payne Bill
Lowered rates on imported manufactured goods
Senate proposed alternative bill
Aldrich Bill
Made fewer cuts and increased many rates
Taft signed = Payne-Aldrich Tariff

21. Party splits Republican progressives refused to vote
1912
Roosevelt decided to run for 3rd term
Republicans wanted Roosevelt
Primary Election
Taft supporters maneuvered to replace Roosevelt delegates with Taft delegates
Republican progressives refused to vote
Formed a new third party
Progressive Party nominated Roosevelt
Bull Moose Party