1. LO: I understand what is meant by a fuel and combustion.
Fuels
LO: I understand what is meant by a fuel and combustion.

2. A fuel is a substance that reacts with (burns) releasing energy.
oxygen
heat
Another word for burning is
combustion
Burning in a plentiful supply of oxygen is called combustion.
complete
Combustion is an , reaction (gives out heat).
exothermic
LO: I understand what is meant by a fuel and combustion.

3. Fossil Fuels
LO: I understand how the main fossil fuels are formed.

4. The three main fossil fuels are:
Fossil fuels are made from the dead remains of animal and plant material that lived of years ago.
millions
The three main fossil fuels are:
coal
crude oil
natural gas
Fossil fuels are a resource.
finite
One day they will run out.
LO: I understand how the main fossil fuels are formed.

5. trees mud heat pressure millions
Formation of Coal:
Coal is formed from the dead remains of , that grew in prehistoric swamps.
trees
The dead trees fell into the swamp and were covered in
mud
The action of and over of years turned the remains into coal.
heat
pressure
millions
LO: I understand how the main fossil fuels are formed.

6. plankton sand heat pressure millions oil
Formation of Oil:
Oil is formed from microscopic plants and animals ( ) that lived in ancient oceans.
plankton
The plankton died, fell to the seabed and was covered in layers of
sand
The action of and over of years turned the remains into oil.
heat
pressure
millions
Natural gas is formed at the same time as and sits on top of the oil trapped under a layer of rock.
oil
LO: I understand how the main fossil fuels are formed.

7. Global Warming
LO: I know what is meant by global warming.

8. The Greenhouse Effect
All of the heat on the planet comes from the
sun
This heat energy is held around the planet by the .
atmosphere
This is called the effect.
greenhouse
cold
Without it the planet would be too at night for life to exist.
LO: I know what is meant by the greenhouse effect.

9. LO: I know what is meant by the greenhouse effect.

10. Greenhouse Gases
Greenhouse gases trap energy.
heat
Some trap more heat than others:
water vapour
- evaporation of water.
carbon dioxide
- breathed out by living things.
- burning of fossil fuels.
methane
- decomposition of dead material by bacteria.
ozone
- formed in the upper atmosphere .
LO: I know what is meant by the greenhouse effect.

11. This is Global Warming average
In recent years, the temperature of the Earth has been increasing.
This is Global Warming
What is causing this?
LO: I know what is meant by global warming.

12. Possible Reasons for Global Warming
LO: I know some possible reasons for global warming.

13. Carbon Dioxide
Global temperatures and carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere have been linked together.
higher
The higher the level of carbon dioxide, the
the temperature.
However, what is happening here?
global warming is causing more CO2 in the air
more CO2 in the air is causing global warming
LO: I know some possible reasons for global warming.

14. Global Warming Effect (Natural)
Most of the Earth’s CO2 is dissolved in the
sea
less
The higher the temperature the soluble the CO2 becomes.
Increased solar activity is making sea temperatures .
rise
Dissolved CO2 is coming out of the and into the
sea
air
LO: I know some possible reasons for global warming.

15. CO2 Effect (Man-made)
Burning fossil fuels produces .
carbon dioxide
Increased CO2 in the atmosphere increases the
effect.
greenhouse
Global temperatures .
rise
LO: I know some possible reasons for global warming.

16. Possible Consequences of Global Warming
LO: I know some possible consequences of global warming.

17. Global warming may lead to:
more violent weather systems
- hurricanes, tornadoes, storms.
drought
- desert areas are expanding
flooding of coastal areas
- caused by melting ice at the poles.
more forest fires
- due to drier, hotter conditions.
All of these effects destroy and may cause some species to become .
habitats
extinct
LO: I know some possible consequences of global warming.

18. Hydrocarbons
LO: I understand what is meant by a hydrocarbon.

19. hydrocarbons hydrogen carbon mixture crude
The substances which make up oil and natural gas are mainly
hydrocarbons
A hydrocarbon is a substance made from and only.
hydrogen
carbon
mixture
Oil as it comes from the ground is a of different hydrocarbons.
It is known as oil.
crude
LO: I understand what is meant by a hydrocarbon.

20. Extracting Oil
LO: I know how crude oil is extracted from the ground.

21. porous non-porous drilling pressure water steam
Crude oil forms in a layer of
rock.
porous
The oil travels upwards until it becomes trapped under some
rock.
non-porous
The oil is released by a hole through this rock.
drilling
The crude oil is under and flows to the surface.
pressure
More oil can be forced to the surface by pumping
or into the rock.
water
steam
LO: I know how crude oil is extracted from the the ground.

22. Separating Crude Oil
LO: I understand how the hydrocarbons in crude oil are separated.

23. boiling fractions fractional distillation
Separating Crude Oil
Different hydrocarbons have different points.
boiling
The differences in the boiling points can be used to separate the hydrocarbons.
The crude oil is separated into parts with boiling points within a particular range
fractions
This is done using
fractional
distillation
LO: I understand how the hydrocarbons in crude oil are separated.

24. The Fractionating Tower
Refinery gas
Heater
highest temperature
lowest temperature
Crude oil
The gases rise up the tower and condense at different levels depending on the boiling point.
Petroleum
Naphtha
Kerosene
Fuel Oil
350˚C
Residue
LO: I understand how the hydrocarbons in crude oil are separated.

25. The Fractions Fraction Number of C atoms Boiling range (˚C) State
Refinery gas
1-4
-160 to 20
gas
liquid
Petroleum
5-6
20 to 65
Naphtha
6-11
65 to 180
liquid
Kerosene
9-15
180 to 250
liquid
liquid
Fuel Oil
15-25
250 to 350
Residue
25+
350+
solid
LO: I understand how the hydrocarbons in crude oil are separated.

26. Trends in the Fractions
LO: I understand how the carbon chain length affects the properties of fractions.

27. As the chain length increases:
the boiling point
increases
the ease of evaporation
decreases
the flammability
decreases
the viscosity (thickness)
increases
LO: I understand how the carbon chain length affects the properties of fractions.

28. Uses of Fractions
LO: I know some examples of the uses of fractions.

29. Most crude oil fractions are used as fuels:
Refinery gas
heating
Petroleum - fuel for
cars
Naphtha - fuel for cars,
consumer
products
Kerosene - fuel for
aircraft
Fuel oil - fuel for and
lorries
ships
Residue oil, and for roads.
lubricating
wax
tar
LO: I know some examples of the uses of fractions.

30. Pollution
LO: I understand how pollution can be caused by burning fossil fuels.

31. When fossil fuels are burned:
is produced from the sulphur present in coal.
sulphur dioxide
are produced in petrol engines.
nitrogen oxides
Both of these gases dissolve in rain water making .
acid rain
Carbon dioxide is also produced which contributes to
warming.
global
LO: I understand how pollution can be caused by burning fossil fuels.

32. Incomplete Combustion
LO: I understand how incomplete combustion occurs.

33. , turning everything black. soot
Fossil fuels burning in a limited supply of oxygen (poor ventilation) produce:
, a toxic gas.
carbon monoxide
, turning everything black.
soot
This is known as combustion.
incomplete
LO: I understand how incomplete combustion occurs.

34. Reducing Pollution
LO: I understand how to reduce pollution.

35. Car exhaust systems contain catalytic convertors which:
turn harmful gases like and
into less harmful ones.
carbon monoxide
nitrogen oxides
contain metal catalysts.
transition
There are also lean burn engines which mix more
with the fuel.
oxygen
petrol cuts down on toxic lead.
Unleaded
LO: I understand how to reduce pollution.