1. Part 1: Map Quiz Part 2: Order in Ancient Greece Theme: Different approaches in different city-states
Lsn 17

2. Part 1
Map Quiz

4. Part 2
Greece

5. Agenda Government Philosophy Sparta Athens Corinth Socrates Plato
Aristotle
Others

6. Government
Sparta, Athens, Corinth

7. Sparta
Sparta

8. Sparta: Helots Helots were servants of the Sparta state
Not chattel slaves, but not free either
By the 6th Century B.C., helots probably outnumbered Sparta citizens by 10 to 1
The large number of helots allowed the Spartans to cultivate their region efficiently, but also posed the threat of constant rebellion
Sparta responded for the need for order by military means

9. Sparta: Society In theory, all Spartans citizens were equal
To discourage economic and social distinctions, Spartans observed an extraordinarily austere lifestyle as a matter of policy
No jewelry, elaborate clothes, luxuries, or accumulation of great private wealth
Even today, “spartan” means
Practicing great self-denial
Unsparing and uncompromising in discipline or judgment
Resolute in the face of pain or danger or adversity

10. Sparta: Society
What distinctions did exist in Spartan society were based not on wealth or social status, but on prowess, discipline, and military talent
Spartan educational system cultivated such attributes from an early age
Boys left their homes at age seven to live in military barracks under a rigorous regime of physical training
At age 20 they went into the military where they served until retirement

11. Sparta: Society
“Come back with your shield - or on it” was the reported parting cry of Spartan mothers to their sons.

12. Sparta: Government
Highly unusual government that contained elements of democracy, timocracy, monarchy, and oligarchy
King Leonidas
ca. 530 BC-480 BC

13. Sparta: Government Oligarchy Rule by a few
Power was in the hands of five men called Ephores who were elected annually by the Council of Elders
Timocracy
Government by people of honor
All Ephores were over the age of 60 and had completed their military career
The Ephores controlled all daily life in Sparta

14. Sparta: Government Monarchy Rule by a hereditary sovereign
Under the five Ephores there were two Kings that came from the two noble families of Sparta
With divine approval, shown in an oracle or an omen, the Ephores had the power to force the Kings' abdication
Democracy
Election based on numerical majority
Under the Kings were the Council of the Elders.
The council passed laws and elected the five Ephores
Beneath them all you had the rest of the free Spartan men who voted for the Council of Elders

15. Athens

16. Athens
Whereas Sparta tried to establish order by military means, Athens instead tried a government based on democratic principles
Sought to negotiate order by considering the interests of the polis’s various constituencies
Citizenship was restricted to free adult males, but government offices were open to all citizens
Broadened the political base

17. Athens: Solon
As tensions developed between aristocrats and less privileged classes, Solon devised a compromise
Aristocrats were allowed to keep their lands, but at the same time Solon cancelled debts, forbade debt slavery, and liberated those already enslaved for debt
To prevent future abuses, he provided governmental representation for the common classes by opening the councils of the polis to any citizen wealthy enough to devote time to public affairs, regardless of lineage

18. Athens: Pericles
Solon’s reforms gradually transformed Athens into a democratic state, but the high tide of Athenian democracy was reached under the leadership of Pericles from 443 to 429 B.C.
His government included hundreds of officeholders from common classes
Pericles boasted that Athens was “the education of Greece”

19. ballots made from pieces of pottery
Ostrakaphoria
Each year Athenians would decide whether to hold an election to banish someone from the city for 10 years
Means to prevent politicians from dividing the community and to stop tyrants before they seized power
First ostrakaphoria held in 487 B.C.
ostraka,
ballots made from pieces of pottery

20. Corinth
Periander, second
tyrant of Corinth

21. Corinth Founded in the 10th Century B. C. Strategically located
Guards the narrow isthmus that connects the Peloponnesus to the mainland and hosts the important harbors of Lechaeum and Cenchreae
Became the richest port and the largest city in ancient Greece

22. Corinth The two seaports were only four miles apart
Lechaeum, the western harbor in the Corinthian Gulf was the trading port to Italy and Sicily
Cenchreae, the eastern harbor in the Saronic Gulf, was the port for the eastern Mediterranean countries

23. Corinth: Diolkos
Periander constructed a five foot wide rock-cut tract for wheeling small ships and their unloaded cargo from one gulf to the other
By 400 B.C., a double wall ran from Corinth to Lechaeum to protect a two mile rock paved street, about 40 feet wide, leading to the port

24. Corinth: Government
With increased wealth and more complicated trade relations and social structures, some city-states overthrew their traditional hereditary kings
Corinth, the richest city-state, led the way
Instead of developing long-term solutions to the societal and economic problems, ambitious politicians or generals called “tyrants” seized power by irregular means and ruled without being subject to the law

25. Corinth: Government Tyrants were not necessarily oppressive despots
Many were quite popular, in part due to the public works programs they established
The word “tyrant” comes from how they gained power rather than how they governed
Maintained order by
reinforcing the state's centralization by consolidating power with the tyrant and
encouraging individuals to identify with the state through their capacity as citizens and building a common consciousness.

26. Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Others
Philosophy
Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Others

27. Greek Philosophy
Athens’ sophisticated and wealthy society provided time for thought
Several great thinkers tried to construct a consistent system of philosophy based purely on human reason
Rationally understand human beings and human behavior
Socrates, Plato, Aristotle

28. Socrates (469 to 399 B.C.)
Turned the course of philosophical enquiry around--from its earlier focus on natural science, to a focus on ethics or public morality
Keenly interested in such subjects as justice, beauty, and goodness
Optimistic
Knowing the truly good would necessarily direct a person to act in line with this knowledge
Human beings can lead honest lives

29. Socrates (469 to 399 B.C.)
Insisted on the need to reflect on the purposes and goals of life
“The unexamined life is not worth living.”
Human beings have an obligation to strive for personal integrity, behave honorably toward others, and work toward construction of a just society

30. Socrates (469 to 399 B.C.)
Posed questions that encouraged reflection on human issues, particularly on matters of ethics and morality
“the Socratic method”
Honor was more important than wealth, fame, or other superficial attributes
Scorned those who preferred public accolades to personal integrity

31. Socrates (469 to 399 B.C.)
Played the role of “gadfly,” subjecting traditional ethical teachings to critical scrutiny
This tactic outraged some of his fellow citizens
Socrates was brought to trial on charges of encouraging immorality and corrupting Athenian youth
A jury of Athenian citizens found him guilty and condemned him to death
Drank a cup of hemlock and died in the company of his friends

32. “Death of Socrates” by Jacques-Louis David
Socrates (469 to 399 B.C.)
“Death of Socrates” by Jacques-Louis David

33. Socrates (469 to 399 B.C.)
Socrates did not write his thoughts down, but we know them through his disciple Plato
Plato wrote a series of dialogues in which Socrates figured as the principal speaker
“Socrates Teaching”

34. Plato (427 to 347 B. C.)
Plato advanced from recording Socrates views to developing his own systematic vision of the world and human society
The Theory of Forms or Ideas

35. Plato (427 to 347 B. C.)
Plato was frustrated that he couldn’t gain satisfactory intellectual control over the world
For example, generally speaking, virtue requires one to honor and obey his parents, but if parents are acting illegally, it is the child’s duty to denounce the offense and seek punishment.
How can we understand virtue as an abstract quality if it is situationally dependent?

36. Plato (427 to 347 B. C.) There are two worlds
The world we live in
The world of Forms or Ideas
Our world is a pale and imperfect reflection of the genuine world of Forms or Ideas
Only by entering the world of Forms or Ideas can one understand the true nature of virtue and other qualities
This world is available only to philosophers who apply their rational faculties to the pursuit of wisdom

37. Plato (427 to 347 B. C.) Allegory of the cave
Prisoners only see the shadows cast on the wall, not the objects themselves

38. Plato (427 to 347 B. C.)
In The Republic Plato described the ideal state in which rule was accomplished by philosopher-kings
Advocated an intellectual aristocracy
The philosophical elite would rule and other less intelligent classes would work at functions for which their talents best suited them

39. Aristotle (384 to 322 B.C.)
Aristotle started out as a disciple of Plato but came to distrust the Theory of Forms or Ideas
Very concrete and real as opposed to Plato’s abstract concepts
Believed philosophers can rely on their senses to provide accurate information about the world and then use reason to sort things out

40. Aristotle (384 to 322 B.C.)
Devised rigorous rules of logic to construct compelling arguments
Logic is how we come to know about things
Will have a profound effect on Christian philosophy in medieval Europe, especially through St. Thomas Aquinas
Also wrote on biology, physics, and literature
Literature should be structured to represent a complete and unified action with a beginning, middle, and end

41. Others Epicureans Skeptics Stoics
Identified pleasure as the greatest good
Skeptics
Refused to take strong positions on contentious issues because they doubted the possibility of certain knowledge
Stoics
Individuals should focus their attention strictly on duties that reason and nature demanded of them
In their own way, all three sought to bring individuals to a state of inner peace and tranquility

42. How was order maintained in Greece
Government
Sparta
Athens
Corinth
Philosophy
Socrates
Plato
Aristotle
Others

43. How was order maintained in Greece?
Government
Sparta
Military means
Athens
Democratic means
Corinth
Tyrants

44. How was order maintained in Greece?
Philosophy
Socrates
Knowing the truly good would necessarily direct a person to act in line with this knowledge
Plato
The philosophical elite would rule and other less intelligent classes would work at functions for which their talents best suited them
Aristotle
Know about things through logic
Others
Epicureans
Identified pleasure as the greatest good
Skeptics
Refused to take strong positions on contentious issues because they doubted the possibility of certain knowledge
Stoics
Individuals should focus their attention strictly on duties that reason and nature demanded of them

45. Next Lesson
The Roman Empire and Western Europe in the High Middle Ages