1. Greece Contributions to Western Democracy

2. Setting the stage Archaic Age 700-500 BCE Beginning of the Polis (City- State) - Definition: Area that comprises a central city and the surrounding area that makes up a self- governing unit Sparta, Athens, and Corinth were major City-States

3. Aristocats & Tyrants Most city-states ruled by aristocrats or tyrants Athens was a deeply divided society On the verge of violence in late 7th century BCE Struggles over debts, economic opportunity, and power ARISTOCRATS & TYRANTS

4. Discuss! 1. What are city-states? 2. What struggles did ancient Athens face in the late 7th century BCE?

5. Solon’s Reforms 594 BCE Ended debt slavery Council of 400 - Set agenda for assembly (ekklesia) Citizens divided by wealth - 4 divisions of society Any citizen could be taken to trial - All citizens could be jurors

6. Divisions of citizens $500+ $300-$499 $200-$399 $200 and less Could hold lower office Could attend the assembly (ekklesia) Both could hold high office Only male citizens could participate

8. Discuss! 1. How did the Council of 400 further democracy in Athens? 2. How did Solon’s other reforms bring Athens closer to democracy?

9. Cleisthenes Reforms 508 BCE Council of 500 - Intended to break family rivalries and political factions - Ended class divisions based on wealth, organized people based on location

10. Council of 500 Attica divided into 3 parts: plain, coast, & city - Ten tribes with people in each part of Attica Every year each tribe would randomly select 50 men to go to the Council of 500 - Decide on ekklesia business and foreign affairs

11. Pericles 495-429 BCE Paid public servants Made more stringent policy on citizenship Ekklesia met more frequently under Pericles Men held public office for one year terms so as not to gain too much power

12. Discuss! 1. How did the reforms of Cleisthenes and Pericles further democracy in Athens? 2. Which of the 5 Principles of Democracy do the reforms of Solon, Cleisthenes, and Pericles fulfill? 3. In what ways does ancient Athenian society not meet our ideal of democracy?

13. Socrates 470-399BCE Plato’s teacher Gain knowledge through questioning - Socratic Questioning Evil men are just ignorant Disliked democracy - Mob rule

14. Plato 428-348 BCE Wrote The Republic - What is justice? Three divisions of society - Producers= craftsman, farmers, etc. - Auxiliaries= warriors - Guardians= rulers Three divisions of the soul - Rational - Spiritual - Appetitive Society should be ruled by philosopher kings

15. Aristotle 348-322 BCE Wrote The Politics - Good forms of government ‣ Monarchy, aristocracy, politeia (constitutional) - Bad forms of government ‣ Tyranny, oligarchy, direct democracy (not constitutional) Strong Middle Class Division of Powers; any good government could be corrupted

16. Plato & Aristotle