1. + + Stem e Personal Endings = Stud Stude Tac Tace Present Tense Active
2nd Conjugation- +
Stem e +
Personal Endings =
Stud
Stude
Tac
Tace
Sing Plu.
1st Studeo Studemus
2nd Studes Studetis
3rd Studet Student
Sing Plu.
1st Taceo Tacemus
2nd Taces Tacetis
3rd Tacet Tacent
Sing Plu.
1st I study We study
2nd You study Ya’ll study
3rd He study They study
Sing Plu.
1st I am quiet We are quiet
2nd You are quiet Ya’ll are quiet
3rd He is quiet They are quiet

2. + + + Personal Endings Stem e ba = Studeba Stud Stude Tac Tace Taceba
Imperfect Tense Active
2nd Conjugation-
Personal Endings +
Stem e + + ba =
Studeba
Stud
Stude
Tac
Tace
Taceba
Sing Plu.
1st Studebam Studebamus
2nd Studebas Studebatis
3rd Studebat Studebant
Sing Plu.
1st Tacebam Tacebamus
2nd Tacebas Tacebatis
3rd Tacebat Tacebant
Sing Plu.
1st I was studying We were studying
2nd You were studying Ya’ll were studying
3rd He was studying They were studying
Sing Plu.
1st I was being quiet We were being quiet
2nd You were being quiet Ya’ll were being quiet
3rd He was being quiet They were being quiet

3. Stem [bo bi bi bi bi bu] PE Future Tense Active
1st and 2nd Conjugation
Stem
Vowel
[bo bi bi bi bi bu] PE + + + =
1st -a-
2nd -e-
Sing Plu.
1st Studebo Studebimus
2nd Studebis Studebitis
3rd Studebit Studebunt
Sing Plu.
1st Tacebo Tacebimus
2nd Tacebis Tacebitis
3rd Tacebit Tacebunt
Sing Plu.
1st I will study We will study
2nd You will study Yall will study
3rd He will study They will study
Sing Plu.
1st I will be quiet We will be quiet
2nd You will be quiet Yall will be quiet 3rd He will be quiet They will be quiet

4. Stem PE Duc Reper Present Tense Active 3rd and 4th Conjugation Vowel +=
3rd -i-
4th -i-
(3rd-io) –i-
Duc
Reper
Sing Plu.
1st Duco Ducimus
2nd Ducis Ducitis
3rd Ducit Ducunt
Sing Plu.
1st Reperio Reperimus
2nd Reperis Reperitis
3rd Reperit Reperiunt
Sing Plu.
1st I lead We lead
2nd You lead Ya’ll lead
3rd He leads They lead
Sing. Plu.
1st I find We find
2nd You find Ya’ll find
3rd He finds They find

5. Stem -ba- PE Duc Reper Imperfect Tense Active 3rd and 4th Conjugation
VowelShift
Stem
-ba- PE + + + =
3rd -e-
4th -ie-
(3rd-io) –ie-
Duc
Reper
Sing Plu.
1st Ducebam Ducebamus
2nd Ducebas Ducebatis
3rd Ducebat Ducebant
Sing Plu.
1st Reperiebam Reperiebamus
2nd Reperiebas Reperiebatis
3rd Reperiebat Reperiebant
Sing Plu.
1st I was leading We were leading
2nd You were leading Yall were leading
3rd He was leading They were leading
Sing Plu.
1st I was finding We were finding
2nd You were finding Yall were finding
3rd He was finding They were finding

6. Stem PE Future Tense 3rd and 4th Conjugation Vowel Shift
Exception to Vowel Rule:
- Use “a” in the 1st person singular for the 3rd and 4th
Vowel
Shift
Stem + + PE =
3rd -e-
4th -ie-
(3rd -io-) –ie-
Sing Plu.
1st Ducam Ducemus
2nd Duces Ducetis
3rd Ducet Ducent
Sing Plu.
1st Reperiam Reperiemus
2nd Reperies Reperietis
3rd Reperiet Reperient
Sing Plu.
1st I will lead We will lead
2nd You will lead Yall will lead
3rd He will lead They will lead
Sing Plu.
1st I will find We will find
2nd You will find Yall will find
3rd He will find They will find

7. - ba Imperfect Form Ducet Ducebat Ducebat Future Tense Active
3rd and 4th Conjugation- Alternate Perspective
Imperfect Form - ba
Ducet =
Ducebat
Ducebat
Sing Plu.
1st Ducam Ducemus
2nd Duces Ducetis
3rd Ducet Ducent
Sing Plu.
1st Reperiam Reperiemus
2nd Reperies Reperietis
3rd Reperiet Reperient
Sing Plu.
1st I will lead We will lead
2nd You will lead Yall will lead
3rd He will lead They will lead
Sing Plu.
1st I will find We will find
2nd You will find Yall will find
3rd He will find They will find

8. What’s Passive Voice In English again?+
Passive Participle
If you don’t know what a participle is…most of the time it’s the –ED form of the verb.
Ex. See, Saw, Seen
Ex. Kick, Kicked, Kicked
Form of TO BE
Is or Are
Was or Were
Will be
This tells you the tense in English!
Add Being for continuous actions!

9. Active -o, m -mus -s -tis -t -nt Passive -r -mur -ris -mini -tur -ntur
Active vs Passive Endings
Active
-o, m -mus
-s -tis
-t -nt
Passive
-r -mur
-ris -mini
-tur -ntur
1st
2nd
3rd
(Most, Must, Isn’t)
All active rules apply except for a couple of endings.

10. Active Passive amo amamus amor amamur amas amatis amaris amamini
Examples! Present Tense
Active
amo amamus
amas amatis
amat amant
Passive
amor amamur
amaris amamini
amatur amantur
1st
2nd
3rd
All active rules apply except for a couple of endings.

11. Passive Amabar Amabamur Amabaris Amabamini Amabatur Amabantur 1st 2nd
Examples! Imperfect Tense
Passive
Amabar Amabamur
Amabaris Amabamini
Amabatur Amabantur
Translations?
1st
2nd
3rd
All active rules apply except for a couple of endings.

12. Passive Amabor Amabimur Amaberis Amabimini Amabitur Amabuntur 1st 2nd
Examples! Future Tense
Passive
Amabor Amabimur
Amaberis Amabimini
Amabitur Amabuntur
Translations?
1st
2nd
3rd
All active rules apply except for a couple of endings.

13. Active sumo sumimus sumis sumitis sumit sumunt Passive sumor sumimur
Examples! Present Tense
Active
sumo sumimus
sumis sumitis
sumit sumunt
Passive
sumor sumimur
sumeris sumimini
sumitur sumuntur
1st
2nd
3rd
All active rules apply except for a couple of endings.

14. Passive sumebar sumebamur sumebaris sumebamini sumebatur sumebantur
Examples! Imperfect Tense
Passive
sumebar sumebamur
sumebaris sumebamini
sumebatur sumebantur
Translations?
1st
2nd
3rd
All active rules apply except for a couple of endings.

15. Passive sumar sumemur sumēris sumemini sumetur sumentur 1st 2nd
Examples! Future Tense
Passive
sumar sumemur
sumēris sumemini
sumetur sumentur
Translations?
1st
2nd
3rd
All active rules apply except for a couple of endings.

16. Three irises are discordant for a face
Exceptions?
Exception I:
In the 3rd conjugation Present 2nd Person Singular
(of course the 3rd…)
-I- is usually the vowel between the stem and ending (the glue vowel)
-In Present 2nd Person Singular, the ending is not
-iris but instead -Eris
Three irises are discordant for a face
(Eris is the goddess of discord… get it?
… what? I’d like to see you do better)

17. Exceptions? Exception II:
In the 1st and 2nd conjugation Future 2nd Person Singular
-In Future 2nd Person Singular, the ending is not
-bi-ris but instead -be-ris

18. What’s Passive Voice in the Perfect Tense?+
Perfect Passive Participle
Form of
Sum, esse
Hey…kinda like in English…
“But Magister…where do I get the PPP?
The 4th principle part.
“Where?”
Amo, amare, amavi, amatum
It’s here…right here

19. The perfect passive verb.
What is the PPP?
Perfect Passive Participle
Acts like an adjective modifying a noun i.e. the subject
E.g. amatus –a –um paratus –a –um
When by itself, it translates to – “having been verbed”
E.g. amatus = (a guy) having been loved
Paratae = (women) having been prepared
When paired with sum, esse, it creates:
The perfect passive verb.
E.g.
-Mensa pulsata est = the desk was/has been hit
-Discipuli vocati sunt = the students were/have been called

20. Perfect Passive Verb What’s is the PPV? Had been verbed
The participle is modifying the subject
E.g. Litterae missae sunt; Canis amabulatus est
Translate the Perfect Passive with : Has been verbed
But Magister is ok with: Was verbed
Translate the PluPerfect Passive with :
Had been verbed
Use the Present form of sum, esse for the
Perfect Passive Mensa pulsata est – the desk was hit
Use the Imperfect form of sum, esse for the
Pluperfect Perfect Passive
Mensa pulsata erat – the desk had been hit

21. Perfect Passive Verb What’s is the PPV?
Use the Furture form of sum, esse for the
Future Perfect Passive…but why would you want to?
Mensa pulsata erit – the desk will have been hit
Exception- erint instead of erunt

22. Active amavi amavimus 1st amavisti amavistis 2nd amavit amaverunt 3rd
Examples! Perfect Tense
Amo, amare, amavi, amatum
Active
amavi amavimus
amavisti amavistis
amavit amaverunt
1st
2nd
3rd
Passive (masc subj)
amatus sum amati sumus
amatus es amati estis
amatus est amati sunt
1st
2nd
3rd

23. Active amavi amavimus 1st amavisti amavistis 2nd amavit amaverunt 3rd
Examples! Perfect Tense
Amo, amare, amavi, amatum
Active
amavi amavimus
amavisti amavistis
amavit amaverunt
1st
2nd
3rd
Passive (fem subj)
amata sum amatae sumus
amata es amatae estis
amata est amatae sunt
1st
2nd
3rd

24. Active amavi amavimus 1st amavisti amavistis 2nd amavit amaverunt 3rd
Examples! Perfect Tense
Amo, amare, amavi, amatum
Active
amavi amavimus
amavisti amavistis
amavit amaverunt
1st
2nd
3rd
Passive (neu subj)
amatum sum amata sumus
amatum es amata estis
amatum est amata sunt
1st
2nd
3rd

25. amatus eram amati eramus amatus eras amati eratis
Examples! PluPerfect Tense
Amo, amare, amavi, amatum
Active
amaveram amaveramus
amaveras amaveratis
amaverat amaverant
1st
2nd
3rd
Passive (masc subj)
amatus eram amati eramus
amatus eras amati eratis
amatus erat amati erant
1st
2nd
3rd

26. amata eram amatae eramus amata eras amatae eratis
Examples! PluPerfect Tense
Amo, amare, amavi, amatum
Active
amaveram amaveramus
amaveras amaveratis
amaverat amaverant
1st
2nd
3rd
Passive (fem subj)
amata eram amatae eramus
amata eras amatae eratis
amata erat amatae erant
1st
2nd
3rd

27. amatum eram amata eramus amatum eras amata eratis
Examples! PluPerfect Tense
Amo, amare, amavi, amatum
Active
amaveram amaveramus
amaveras amaveratis
amaverat amaverant
1st
2nd
3rd
Passive (neu subj)
amatum eram amata eramus
amatum eras amata eratis
amatum erat amata erant
1st
2nd
3rd

28. + and Stem Form of Sum, esse =
Perfect and Pluperfect Passive Tenses Review
Stem +
and
Nom ending
Form of Sum, esse =
- Separate word!
- Determines the Tense:
Present = Perfect
Imperfect = Pluperfect
Future = Future Perfect
-Also informs the Person and number
Use the 4th principle part!
i.e The Perfect Passive Participle!
Takes the gender and case of the subject (nominative)
In short, these two words work together to tell you all about the person, number, and tense.

29. + And Form of Sum, esse Nom = Stem Sum, es, est… Amat- Fact-
Perfect and Pluperfect Passive Tenses Review
Form of Sum, esse +
Stem
Nom
And =
Sum, es, est…
Amat-
e.g. -us (Masc/s)
Fact-
e.g. -a (neu/pl)
Eram, eras, erat…
Sing Plu.
1st Amatus sum Amati sumus
2nd Amatus es Amati estis
3rd Amatus est Amati sunt
Sing Plu.
1st Factum eram Facta eramus
2nd Factum eras Facta eratis
3rd Factum erat Facta erant
Sing Plu.
1st I (masc) was loved We were loved
2nd You were loved Ya’ll were loved
3rd He was loved They were loved
Alt translation: “Have been” (e.g.- I have been loved)
Sing Plu.
1st I (neu) had been made/done We had been made/done
2nd You had been made/done Ya’ll had been made/done
3rd It had been made/done They had been made/done

30. Capio, -ere, cepi, captum Cepisti Conjugate the verb as: Persent 2nd
Singular
Passive
Cepisti

31. Capio, -ere, cepi, captum Capiebatur Conjugate the verb as: Imperfect
3rd
Singular
Passive
Capiebatur

32. Capio, -ere, cepi, captum Captus est Conjugate the verb as: Perfect
3rd
Singular
Passive (masc)
Captus est

33. Capio, -ere, cepi, captum Captus erat Conjugate the verb as:
PluPerfect
3rd
Singular
Passive (masc)
Captus erat

34. Capio, -ere, cepi, captum Capti eramus Conjugate the verb as:
PluPerfect
1st
Plural
Passive (masc)
Capti eramus

35. Capio, -ere, cepi, captum Capti erant Conjugate the verb as:
PluPerfect
3rd
Plural
Passive (masc)
Capti erant

36. Capio, -ere, cepi, captum capientur Conjugate the verb as: Future 3rd
Plural
Passive
capientur

37. Capio, -ere, cepi, captum Capiar Conjugate the verb as: Future 1st
Singular
Passive
Capiar

38. Mitto, mittere, misi, missum
Conjugate the verb
Mitto, mittere, misi, missum
as:
Perfect
2nd
Singular
Passive (fem)
Missa es

39. Mitto, mittere, misi, missum
Conjugate the verb
Mitto, mittere, misi, missum
as:
Present
2nd
Singular
Passive
Mitteris

40. Mitto, mittere, misi, missum
Conjugate the verb
Mitto, mittere, misi, missum
as:
Plu Perfect
2nd
Singular
Passive (default to neu)
Missum eras

41. Mitto, mittere, misi, missum
Conjugate the verb
Mitto, mittere, misi, missum
as:
Future
2nd
Plural
Passive
Mittemini

42. Video, -ere, vidi, visum Visa sunt Conjugate the verb as: Perfect 3rd
Plural
Passive (default to neu)
Visa sunt

43. Video, -ere, vidi, visum Visa erant Conjugate the verb as: Plu Perfect
3rd
Plural
Passive (default to neu)
Visa erant

44. Video, -ere, vidi, visum Videbantur Conjugate the verb as: Imperfect
3rd
Plural
Passive
Videbantur

45. Video, -ere, vidi, visum Videberis Conjugate the verb as: Future 2nd
SIngular
Passive
Videberis

46. Video, -ere, vidi, visum Videbor Conjugate the verb as: Future 1st
Singular
Passive
Videbor

47. Amo, -are, Amavi, Amatum Amaberis Conjugate the verb as:
Future Perfect
2nd
Singular
Passive
Amaberis

48. Student Duels Ready….GO! Rules:
First student to write the correct translation on the whiteboard wins
Textbooks are allowed
If both students are wrong or take more than a minute, then team that can get the correct answer to the board first takes the point.
Ready….GO!

49. caput eius abscidit He cut off her head Para ….Age!
Give the Translation for the sentence:
caput eius abscidit
He cut off her head
Para ….Age!

50. uno ictu caput eius abscidit falce.
Give the Translation for the sentence:
uno ictu caput eius abscidit falce.
He cut off her head with one blow by means of a sickle
Para ….Age!

51. Ceterae Gorgones e somno excitatae sunt,
Give the Translation for the sentence:
Ceterae Gorgones e somno excitatae sunt,
The rest of the Gorgons were wakened from sleep
Para ….Age!

52. They were moved with anger
Give the Translation for the sentence:
ira commotae sunt
They were moved with anger
Para ….Age!

53. He put on his magic helmet
Give the Translation for the sentence:
galeam magicam induit
He put on his magic helmet
Para ….Age!

54. e conspectu earum evasit
Give the Translation for the sentence:
e conspectu earum evasit
He evaded from their sight.
Para ….Age!

55. eius conspectu homines in saxum vertebantur
Give the Translation for the sentence:
eius conspectu homines in saxum vertebantur
Men are turned into stone with her sight
Para ….Age!

56. Manus, manus, f Manuum = of hands Decline the noun- as: Genitive
Plural
Manuum = of hands

57. Decline the noun-
Manus, manus, f
as:
Nominative
Plural
Manus = hands

58. Manus, manus, f Manus = hands DO Decline the noun- as: Accusative
Plural
Manus = hands DO

59. exercitibus = for the armies
Decline the noun-
Exercitus, exercitus
as:
Dative
Plural
exercitibus = for the armies

60. exercitui = for the army
Decline the noun-
Exercitus, exercitus
as:
Dative
Singular
exercitui = for the army

61. Cornu, cornus Cornus = of the horn Decline the noun- as: Genitive
Singular
Cornus = of the horn

62. Cornu, cornus Cornua = the horns Decline the noun- as: Nominative
Plural
Cornua = the horns