1. Indo-European Family

2. Northern European Languages
English
German
Dutch
Danish
Mother
Mutter
Moeder
moder
Father
Vater
Vader
Fader
Brother
Bruder
Broeder
broder

3. Other Languages Latin Greek Irish Sanskrit Persian māter mētēr māthair
Mādar
pater
patēr
athair
pitŗ
pidar
frater
phrātēr
brāthair
bhrātŗ
birādar

4. Cause of Similarities Not explained by borrowing
Descendants of a single parent language, or proto-language
Does not exist in any recorded form
Became extinct before written records existed

6. Proto-Language Origins
It is believed that tribes settled near Crimea during the 5th through 3rd millennia B.C.
3500 B..C.
Successive waves moved westward and southward
As groups became isolated, language developed in different directions
Multiple branches occurred

8. Germanic (Teutonic) Where English comes from
Became divided into 3 groups
East: did not survive to modern times
North: Scandinavian countries
West: German, Dutch, Flemish, English

9. Italic Originally several Italic languages
Latin won out when Rome came to dominance
Descendants usually called Romance languages
French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian
Romanian

10. Hellenic Greek Descendant of
the Classical Greek of Plato and Aristotle
The common Greek dialect used to write the New Testament

11. Celtic 2000 years ago spoken throughout western Europe
France (Gaul), Spain, Great Britain
Latin replaced much of the Celtic language in its regions
Anglo-Saxon replaced in Britain
Descendants are Breton and Gaelic
Brittany, Ireland, Wales

12. Summary of Proto-Language
Due to common ancestor, they are called cognate languages
Indo-European only one of a number of language families throughout the world
The others have not been studied as much, and so do not have a universal consensus as to their origins

13. Development of English Language
Words are borrowed from other nations with whom we have frequent contact

14. Romano-Celtic Period 50 B.C. – A.D. 410 British Isles
People began arriving around 1000 B.C.
First foreign invaders were the Romans
Established control over southern and eastern islands

15. Extent of Roman Invasion
Did not conquer Ireland or Scotland

16. Old English 450 to 1066
3 closely related tribes speaking West Germanic moved in around 350
Movements of German tribes caused the Romans to retreat
Believed that Romano-British hired Germans to keep out the Picts (Scottish)
Were not paid, so they stayed and established the Kingdom of Kent
This invasion was followed by Saxon settlements
Essex (East Saxony)
Wessex (West Saxony)
Sussex (South Saxony)
And the London area

17. Words from O.E.
Pronouns: I, we, you, he, it, the , this, that , who, what, mine, your, each, any
Comparisons: good, better, best, evil, worst
Conjugations: bid, bade, bidden; sing, sang, sung
Basic vocab: love, say, live, have, own, do, be, will, bury, name, reach, long, strong, high, quick, sun, food, hand, finger, friend, stone, earth

18. O.E. cont. Saxons were followed by the Angles
The name England comes from Angles Land
Literature from O.E. period
Anglo-Saxon Chronicles
Beoowulf
“The Wanderer”
“The Seafarer”

19. Middle English to Modern

20. 1066 to 1500 Battle of Hastings in 1066 reduced England to a fiefdom
French speaking aristocracy of Normandy took control
English and French words battled for supremacy
Hog (E) v Pork (F)
Hut (E) v cottage (F)
Help (E) v aid (F)
Folk (E) v people (F)

21. Norman’s rule French and Latin commonly taught to aristocracy
Impossible to determine whether a Latinate word in English was borrowed from French or directly from Latin
Grave, gravity, solid, consolation
Some words were even made to look like they had been borrowed
Intensity
intensité

22. Modern English: 1500 Three events mark beginning British colonialism
Begins 1497
Renaissance and Enlightenment reach England
Printing press (1440)
Industrial and post-industrial revolution
Dictionary (1755)