1. Lecture Notes
By Sophie Black

2. The Burnt remains of the Manuscript
In the 18th Century, the manuscript of Beowulf got burned in a fire. Luckily, it was saved but the burns on the edge of some of the pages show the scarring from the flames.

3. Roman Languages
Portuguese
Spanish
Italian
French
Romanian

4. Indo European Languages

5. Germanic Languages Germanic Languages North Germanic East Germanic
West Germanic

6. North Germanic Languages
North Germany
Icelandic-same as Old Norse
Færoese
Danish
Norwegian

7. West Germanic Languages
Swedish
Yiddish
Flemish
Dutch
Afrikaans
Frisian
English
Western Germany

8. East Germanic Languages
All East Germanic Languages were wiped out. People used to speak Gothic, but that language is no longer spoken.

9. Celtic Languages
Irish
Welsh
Scottish
Brenten

10. The Angles, Saxons and Jutes
In 300 A.D to 400 A.D. There was an invasion. Three tribes from North Germany called the Angles, Saxons and The Jutes. They formed a language called Anglaic, named after the Angled, which later was modified into English.

11. Foothorth
Foothorth was originally a written language used for engraving names given to swords into the sword. It was written with no curving lines, so it was easier to engrave.

12. What Happened to English After Old English
There were some smaller invasions from the north
Vikings, who spoke Old Norse, simplified English grammar.
IN 1066, Normans invaded from France, Led by Will the conqueror, and took over All of England. Slowly people stopped writing English, because only the poor people spoke it, which led to the language rapidly changing.
It took 100 years for Old English to change to Modern English

13. Epic Poems Pets used Kenning-Poetic ways of saying simple things
Example-Whale road=Sea
Alliteration helped bards to remember poems; rhyming came later.