1. Climate, Energy, and Earth

4. What Limits Population Growth?
Carrying Capacity
Resource Limits—consuming a natural resource at the same rate as which the ecosystem produces the resource
Competition within a population—social dominance, territory, mates, food, homes for their families

5. Population Growth Steady State Carrying Capacity Exponential Phase
Lag Phase

6. Two Types--Population Regulation
Density Dependent—cause of death is rapidly increased due to limited resources, predation and disease resulting in densely populated groups.
Density Independent—a certain proportion of the population dies regardless of its density (weather, natural disasters)

7. The biosphere is one of Earth’s four interconnected systems.

8. The biosphere is the portion of Earth that is inhabited by life.
The biosphere includes all ecosystems.
one of Earth’s systems
includes the biota, all the living things in the biosphere

9. Niche (pattern of use of its habitat)
Includes:
a species’ physical home
the environment factors necessary for the species to survive
All of the species’ interactions with other organisms.

10. There are three other Earth systems.
hydrosphere—water, ice, and water vapor
atmosphere—air blanketing Earth’s solid and liquid surface
geosphere—geologic features above and below Earth’s surface

11. Definitions
Sea Ice—ocean water that freezes
Atmosphere—mixture of gases to make air we breath
Hydosphere—all water on or near Earth’s surface
Cryosphere—frozen part of the Earth system
Hydrosphere—all water on Earth
Lithosphere—the solid, outer zone of the Earth that consists of the crust and the rigid upper part of the mantle
Bioshpere—the part of Earth where life exist

12. Biotic and abiotic factors interact in the biosphere.
All four Earth systems are interconnected.
The Gaia hypothesis considers Earth as a kind of living organism.
Earth systems interact to yield a biosphere capable of supporting life.

13. The World’s Water 97% Salt Water 2.5 % Frozen Fresh Water
.5% Usable Fresh Water

14. Atmospheric Layers
The atmosphere is divided into five layers. It is thickest near the surface and thins out with height until it eventually merges with space.
1) The troposphere is the first layer above the surface and contains half of the Earth's atmosphere. Weather occurs in this layer. 2) Many jet aircrafts fly in the stratosphere because it is very stable. Also, the ozone layer absorbs harmful rays from the Sun. 3) Meteors or rock fragments burn up in the mesosphere. 4) The thermosphere is a layer with auroras. It is also where the space shuttle orbits. 5) The atmosphere merges into space in the extremely thin exosphere. This is the upper limit of our atmosphere. Also known as the ionosphere

15. Climate
It is different from daily weather

16. Worldwide Climate Classifications

17. Climate is the long-term pattern of weather conditions.
average temperature
precipitation
relative humidity
Key factors shape an area’s climate.
temperature
sunlight
water
wind

18. A microclimate is the climate of a small specific place within a larger area.

19. Heat Islands Where vegetation is dense temperatures are less
Tall buildings within
an urban area provides
multiple reflective
surfaces known as
“canyon effect”

20. Earth has three main climate zones.
The three main zones are the polar, tropical, and temperate climates.
polar climate: the far northern and southern regions of Earth
tropical zone: surrounds the equator
temperate zone: the wide area in between the polar and tropical zones

21. The angle of the Sun’s rays help determine an area’s climate.
temperate
polar
tropical
90 N

22. Energy received at the surface depends on:
1) Sun angle with respect to surface.
2) Path of solar radiation through the atmosphere.
Source: Wikipedia

23. Earth’s tilt on its axis plays a role in seasonal change.
Solar heating causes movements in both water and air.
wind
ocean currents
Earth’s rotation also has effects on the winds and currents

24. Atmospheric Circulations
Atmospheric circulation is the large-scale movement of air, and the means (together with the smaller ocean circulation) by which heat is distributed on the surface of the Earth.
The large-scale structure of the atmospheric circulation varies from year to year, but the basic structure remains fairly constant. However, individual weather systems - midlatitude depressions, or tropical convective cells - occur "randomly", and it is accepted that weather cannot be predicted beyond a fairly short limit: perhaps a month in theory, or (currently) about ten days in practice (see Chaos theory and Butterfly effect). Nonetheless, the average of these systems - the climate - is stable over longer periods of time.
Source: Wikipedia

25. Ocean Currents

26. Landmasses shape inland climates.
larger changes in temperatures
less precipitation
Oceans shape coastal climates.
smaller changes in temperatures
higher humidity
more precipitation

27. Mountains have an effect on climate.
Precipitation occurs on the side of the mountain facing the wind.
On the downwind side, drier and cooler air produce a rain shadow.
A rain shadow is an area of decreased precipitation.
western slope
eastern slope

28. Rain Shadow Effect
Deserts occur when rainfall is blocked from an area by mountain ranges, coastal currents, land formations or upper atmospheric currents.

29. Basic Climatology

30. Atmospheric Feedbacks More water vapor & other changes
Increased CO2
Higher temperature
More water vapor
POSITIVE
NEGATIVE
More water vapor & other changes
Increased cloud cover
More reflected solar radiation
Lower temperature
Less water vapor
More absorbed infrared radiation + –

31. Many organisms survive in a specific climate due to their adaptations.

32. Climate Adaptation Quiz
For each of the following pictures, name the characteristics the animals and plants would have to develop in order for the species to survive in that climate.
You will need to write down the climate characteristics as you see each climate
You will have between sec. per picture.
If you have time you can start writing down characteristics to help you remember what they may need.

33. Deciduous Forest

34. Tundra

35. Tropical Forests

36. Grasslands

37. Desert

38. Taiga

39. Major Terrestrial Biomes
Geographic distribution of biomes are dependent on temperature, precipitation, altitude and latitude
Weather patterns dictate the type of plants that will dominate an ecosystem
faculty.southwest.tn.edu/. ../ES%20%20we16.jpg

40. P RESENT DAY B I O MES tundra taiga taiga desert temp. decd. forest
grassland
trop. rain forest
scrub forest
desert
temp rain forest