1. Welcome to Veterinary Anatomy
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2. Introduction to Anatomy
Objectives:
Define Anatomy
Identify the levels of organization
Anatomical and directional terminology to be used during course
Review body cavities and lining membranes
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3. Anatomy
Is the study of structure of the body and the relations among structures
Greek means to cut
Latin means to dissect
Physiology is the study of function.
Structure and function are inseparable.
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4. Subdivision of Anatomy
Gross anatomy: the study of structures that can be dissected and observed with the unaided eye or with a hand lens.
Topographical anatomy: the anatomy of one part in relation to other parts of the body .
Applied anatomy: the practical application of such knowledge in the diagnosis and treatment of pathological conditions
Neuroanatomy deals with connections of cells with CNS
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5. Subdivision of Anatomy
Cytology: deals with structure of individuals cells
Histology: is the study of organization of cells and extracellualr material into complex tissue and organs
Embryology: examine the development of the adult structure from fertilized ovum to birth
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6. Methods of studying Anatomy
1- Dissection of the fixed cadaver
remains the most important single method for examining the organization of the body at the level of the naked eye
2- Surface anatomy: the observation of the intact body at rest and in action
3- Endoscopy: the observation of some parts of living body, such as stomach or knee joint, by means of special instruments
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7. Methods of studying Anatomy
4- Organ imaging: is non destructive technique
Radiology
Carried out by a X ray
Ultrasound
By the ultrasound waves
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8. Levels of Organization:
COHN – 99.5%
99.9% =
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9. Vocabulary of the anatomy
Anatomy has a highly specialized vocabulary, inherited from previous centuries; much of Greek and Latin
Many of the words have precise meaning, and their accurate use is important
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10. Vocabulary of the anatomy
If everyone uses the same terminology, then it is easier to understand what each of us is trying to say.
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11. Vocabulary of the anatomy
For the purpose of description, the body is considered as being in what is called the. "anatomical position".
In this Anatomical Position, the body is assumed to be standing (animal stands on his four limbs, the feet together, the head and eyes facing forwards and palms of the hands facing downwards.
To ensure consistency of description it is important to keep the anatomical position constantly in mind.
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12. DIRECTIONAL TERMS
Terms that described the position of one body part relative to another.
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13. DIRECTIONAL TERMS
PLANE: A surface, real or imaginary along which any two points can be connected by a straight line.
Median Plane: Divides the head, body, or limb longitudinally into equal right and left halves.
Sagittal Plane: Passes through the head, body, or limb parallel to the median plane.
Transverse Plane: Cuts across the head, body, or limb at a right angle to its long axis or across the long axis of an organ or a part. Divides the body into cranial and caudal.
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15. DIRECTIONAL TERMS
Dorsal Plane: Runs at right angles to the median and transverse planes and thus divides the body or head into dorsal and ventral portions.
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17. DIRECTIONAL TERMS
DORSAL: Toward or relatively near the back and corresponding surface of the head, neck, and tail;
VENTRAL: Toward or relatively near the belly and the corresponding surface of the head, neck, thorax, and tail. This term is never used for the limbs.
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19. DIRECTIONAL TERMS MEDIAL: Toward or relatively near the median plane.
LATERAL: Away from or relatively farther from the median plane
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22. DIRECTIONAL TERMS
CRANIAL: Toward or relatively near the head; on the limbs it applies proximal to the carpus and tarsus. When referring to the head it is replaced by the term rostral.
ROSTRAL: Toward or relatively near the nose; applies to the head only
CAUDAL: Toward or relatively near the tail; on the limbs it applies proximal to the carpus and tarsus.
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24. DIRECTIONAL TERMS
INTERNAL OR INNER: Close to, or in the direction of the center of an organ, body cavity, or structure.
EXTERNAL OR OUTER: Away from the center of an organ or structure.
SUPERFICIAL: Relatively near the surface of the body or the surface of a solid organ.
DEEP: Relatively near the center of the body or the center of a solid organ.
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25. DIRECTIONAL TERMS
PROXIMAL: Relatively near the main mass or origin; in the limbs and tail is the attached end.
DISTAL: Away from the main mass or origin; in the limbs and tail is the free end.
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27. Basic Movements
FLEXION: The movement of one bone in relation to another in such a manner that the angle formed at their joint is reduced.
EXTENSI0N: The movement of one bone upon another such that the angle formed at their joint increases. The limb reaches out or is extended
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29. Basic Movements
ABDUCTI0N: The movement of a part away from the median plane.
ADDUCTI0N: The movement toward the median plane.
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31. Major parts of the Body Head Fore limbs Hind limbs Trunk Abdomen
Thorax
Diaphragm
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32. Fig 1.14
Body Cavities
Dorsal
Ventral
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