1. Biochemistry
Ch. 6-3: The Role of Carbon

2. Carbon Compounds All life organisms are made up of Carbon
Organic Molecules
Organisms consist mostly of which atoms?
Carbon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Oxygen

3. Chemistry of Carbon Carbon has how many bonds?
How many valence electrons does carbon have?
Carbon can bond to 4 other molecules
Carbon can form a single, double, or triple bond

4. Carbohydrates Contain – Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
a. monosaccharide - one sugar (monomer)
b. disaccharide - two sugars
(dimer)
c. polysaccharide - composed of many monosaccharide subunits (polymer)

5. What are Carbs used for? Uses – Energy, Structure, Signals
These monomers usually form a ring structure, especially in water.
Examples: Glucose and Fructose
C6H12O6 C6H12O6

6. Carbohydrates What do you notice about glucose and fructose?
They have the same number of atoms but they are in a different arrangement.
They are called isomers
The condensation/combination of two monosaccharides is called a disaccharide.
Example - Sucrose

7. Carbohydrates
The largest carbohydrates are starches (polymers)

8. Carbohydrates
The reaction that breaks down complex molecules – reverse condensation is called hydrolysis.
We have an enzyme in our body to do this process
Amylase (found in saliva)
New Study in sleep deprivation

9. Starch VS. Cellulose
We can break down starches, but our body cannot break down cellulose.

10. Tests for Carbohydrates
Monosac-charides
(glucose)
Disaccha-rides
(sucrose)
Polysac- charides
(starch)
Iodine
No Change
Turns Black
Bene-dicts Sol. & Heat
Color changes Blue to Orange

11. Test Results Simple Sugar Test w/ Benedicts Solution
-From Blue to Orange is a positive test
Starch Test w/ Iodine
-Black is a positive test

12. Lipids Lipids contain: Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
EX – Fats, Phospholipids, waxes, sterols “Steroids”

13. All lipids are insoluble in water
Oils: liquid at room temp. (plants)
Fats: solid at room temp. (animals)

14. Lipids
Used for long-term energy storage, structural molecules, and signaling molecules
Found in the cell membrane
Basic Structures
Tail and Head

15. Test for Fats TEST FAT NOT A FAT Brown Paper Paper Changes
(transparent)
Dries the same
Water Solution
They separate
They Mix

16. Test Results for Fats Water and lipids don’t mix
Water evaporates from paper; Lipids don’t
Alcohol Emulsion Video

17. Proteins Proteins contain: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, & Nitrogen
Ex. – Eggs, seeds, hair, and meat
Made up of basic monomers :
Amino Acids (aa)
Held together by Peptide Bonds
These are used by living organisms for:
Enzymes, structures, transport, and signaling

18. Amino Acids (aa) Each aa is going to contain two distinct groups
Carboxylic Acid Group – COOH
Amino Group – NH2
20 different types of amino acids

20. Protein Structure
Through a series of dehydration reactions, aa are joined into a chain to form a protein.
A special bond is formed
Peptide Bond
Polypeptide – polymer of aa

21. Protein Structure When you have two aa together Three or more aa
Dipeptide
Three or more aa
Polypeptide

22. Proteins Other molecules can be attached to proteins DENATURATION
Glycoproteins and Lipoproteins
DENATURATION
Is the breaking down of molecules

23. Test for Proteins TEST PROTEIN NOT A PROTEIN NITRIC ACID YELLOW
NO COLOR CHANGE
BIURET SOLUTION
VIOLET
NO COLOR CHANGE (stays blue)

24. Test Results for Proteins
Protein Test w/ Biuret Solution
-from blue to violet is a positive test

25. Nucleic Acids
All instructions for cellular activity are in the Nucleic Acids
Two kinds of Nucleic Acids
DNA
RNA

26. What makes them up?
Nucleotides - Complex monomers

27. Enzymes A chemical that speeds up a reaction is called:
Catalyst
Proteins that do this process are called:
Enzymes
Ex. – Sucrase, Amylase, Lactase

28. Carbon Compounds
All life organisms are made up of Carbon (Organic Molecules)
4 elements that make up more than 96% of the mass of a humans
Carbon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Oxygen

29. Chemistry of Carbon Carbon has how many bonds?
How many valence electrons does carbon have?
Carbon can bond to 4 other molecules
Carbon is ALWAYS the central atom
Carbon can form a single, double, or triple bond

30. Functional Groups of Carbon
A chain of carbon and hydrogen is called a hydrocarbon.
Just C and H
ex. Methane, Ocatane
There is ENERGY in these bonds!!! Do you recognize the molecules?

31. Other important carbon based functional groups:
Hydroxyl (Alcohol) Group: OH
Carboxyl Group:
COOH
Amino Group:
NH2 or NH3

32. Hydroxyl –OH organic compounds with OH = alcohols
names typically end in -ol
Ethanol, methanol

33. Carboxyl -Carboxylic Acids
–COOH
C double bonded to O & single bonded to OH group
compounds with COOH = acids
fatty acids
amino acids

34. Amino -NH2 N attached to 2 H compounds with NH2 = amines
amnio acids
NH2 acts as base
ammonia picks up H+ from solution

35. Important construction terms
Monomer : a molecule that is building block for something larger
Dimer : two monomer stuck together
Polymer : more than two monomers stuck together
Dehyrdation/Condensation : Pulling water out of two molecules so as to bind them together
Hydrolysis : Adding water to a molecule to break it apart

36. Diagrams
Draw the following molecules:
C2H5OH
CCl4
CO2
CH3COOH