1. Cell Division Gone Wrong!
Cancer
Cell Division Gone Wrong!

2. Cancer is not just one disease, but many diseases – over 200 different types of cancers

3. Types of Cancer
Most common types of cancers in males include lung, prostate, colorectal, and stomach
The most common types in females include lung cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer.
Most common cancers often have routine screening- colon, prostate, breast

4. Some cancers are more deadly than others.
Pancreatic cancer kills 96% if those diagnosed – deadly because of lack of symptoms. Often too advanced when discovered.

6. Cell Cycle
Normal body cells grow, divide and die in an orderly fashion
Cyclins are proteins that control the cell cycle

7. PART 2 – CANCER

8. Cell Repair Checkpoints Fail…then
2 fates if a cell cannot repair itself
Autolysis or apoptosis is the last resort to prevent a cell from getting out of control
Cancer – if DNA damage interferes with cell death or encourages out-of- control cell division

9. Tumor – solid growth or mass of cells

10. Most of these cancer cells are removed surgically
Most of these cancer cells are removed surgically. A local anesthetic is used to numb the area and the cancer is scooped out.

11. Cell Division Control
DNA controls all cell activities including cell division
Oncogenes promote cell growth and tumor suppressor genes inhibit cell division and survival.
Some cells lose their ability to control their rate of cell division – the DNA of these cells has become damaged or changed (mutated)
These super-dividing cells form masses called tumors
 Oncogenes are genes that promote cell growth and reproduction. Tumor suppressor genes are genes that inhibit cell division and survival. Malignant transformation can occur through the formation of novel oncogenes, the inappropriate over-expression of normal oncogenes, or by the under-expression or disabling of tumor suppressor genes. Typically, changes in many genes are required to transform a normal cell into a cancer cell.[62]

12. Tumors
A large ductal carcinoma
In a mastectomy specimen

14. Examples of Carcinogens
Chemicals – radon gas, cigarettes, formaldehyde, asbestos, mustard gas, benzene and many others (CDC lists approximately 1,000 potential carcinogens
Radiation – UV rays for the sun, sunlamps, X-rays,
Viruses –
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)- causes cervical, vaginal, penile, and certain head and neck cancers,
Epstein-Barr (mononucleosis) linked to lymphoma (cancer of the lymph nodes),
Hepatitis B and C (liver cancer)

15. Benign tumors are not cancerous – these cells do not spread to other parts of the body
Malignant tumors are cancerous – these cells break loose and can invade and destroy healthy tissue in other parts of the body (called metastasis)
Carcinogen is a cancer causing agent

16. CANCER WARNING SIGNS Changes in bowel or bladder habits
Sore that will not heal
Unusual bleeding
Thickening or a lump in the breast or somewhere else
Chronic indigestion
Obvious change in a mole
Nagging cough
Also look for extreme tiredness, weight loss, fever and sometimes pain

17. Diagnosis of Cancer Cells
Patient History-
MRI, X-rays, ultrasounds to “look” inside the body to identify location and size of tumor
Biopsy is performed- removal of sample tissue for a specialist to check for cancer cells- look for abnormalities.
Determine if the cancer has spread to other organs- metastasis of malignant tumor. - blood or lymph testing can indicate spread of cancer – if cancer cells are present
Patients will visit and oncologist- doctor who examines tissue for diseases like cancer
Remission – period of time when the cancer is responding to treatment or is under control

18. STAGING OF CANCER
Generally, the lower the stage, the less advanced the cancer is and the better the treatment outcome is likely to be.
Stage 0 = precancer
Stage 1 = small cancer found only in the organ where it started
Stage 2 = larger cancer that may or may not have spread to the lymph nodes
Stage 3 = larger cancer that is also in the lymph nodes
Stage 4 = cancer in a different organ from where it started

19. SKIN CANCERS
Most common types include squamous cell and basal cell carcinoma (both benign) and melanoma (malignant)
3.5 million cases of basal and squamous cell carcinomas each year in the U.S.
Approximately 73,000 cases of melanoma each year in the U.S.- w/ about 10,000 deaths
Approximately 800,000 deaths each year from melanoma.

20. ABCDE RULES FOR MOLES

21. Do not mix some medications with sunlight.
An adverse reaction to sunlight can be a side effect of certain medications. This reaction is characterized by a rash, redness and/or swelling. Here are some of the medications that may cause a reaction:
Tetracycline
Retin A
Birth control pills
Antidepressants
Diuretics
anti-inflammatories

22. Telomeres are caps on the ends of chromosomes
Study of Telomers
Telomeres are caps on the ends of chromosomes

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24. Proteus Syndrome: Elephant Man