1. Changing Cultures in the Americas
Chapter 16
Changing Cultures in the Americas

2. Explorers and Colonies in the Americas
Spanish control former Aztec and Inca empires- Search for city of gold in the American southwest but never find it.
French explore North American River systems, including the Mississippi River and Great Lakes region.
British (England) want a northwest passage, but never find it.

3. Rulers and Social Structure
Viceroys- “assistant kings”
They rule the colony for the king
Peninsulares- settlers from Europe who became the upper class in the new world
Criollos- below peninsulares
Born here
European parents
Couldn’t hold government positions
Lower Class- workers/commoners
Slaves- Indian and African

4. Women’s Roles Very rigid social rules Women’s choices-
Marry or join a convent
Being a nun probably the only way to get an education as a female

5. Labor Force Native Population falls
50 million to 4 million in about 100 years
Disease and overwork
African population grows
First slaves 1505
60,000 in the first 100 years
Several million after that
Slaves and Natives treated differently

6. Changing Slavery Encomienda system Peonage Claim an area of land
Natives come with it
Peonage
Workers are paid, then given loans
Forever in debt
Can’t change jobs
Debt is inherited

7. Missionaries Goals: Bartolome de las Casas
Convert Natives to Catholicism
Help the poor
Stick up for Native Americans
Heal the poor
Bartolome de las Casas
Let’s treat natives better!
Use Africans instead!
D’oh!

8. Cultural Mix Culture became blended
Spanish government
Portuguese language
Native American words
African music
Still a very mixed society today; more than ours!

9. Competition Pirates fight for control Want prime shipping routes Gold
Sugar
Mostly Caribbean Islands
English, French, Dutch, Spanish all battle for control

11. Section 2.3; Fall of Great Empires
Summary-
Conquistadors
Cortes defeats the Aztecs
Pizarro conquers the Inca
Spain destroys native capitals and religion; replaces with their own.

12. A Legend Comes True Quetzalcoatl returns 1519 Moctezuma II
The light-skinned bearded man from the east
Hernan Cortes

13. Cortes and the Aztecs
He defies orders, leaves port, meets the locals

14. The Expedition Display of Force Sinking his boats
Meeting the Tlaxcalans
Massacre of the Cholulans
Getting to Tenochtitlan

15. Tenochtitlan City of Dreams Cortes and Montezuma
Sacrifice at the Temple
Montezuma Arrested
Tensions Rise

16. War! Festival of Huitzilopochtli Montezuma Speech Noche Triste
Rebuilding
Cuauhtémoc; Fallen Eagle
The Return of Cortes

17. The End of the Aztec 80 Days, house to house Cuauhtémoc Captured
Destruction of Tenochtitlan
Birth of New Spain

18. Pizarro and the Inca First trip to Panama 1524
Second trip to Inca in 1526
They reach Tumbes
Wayna Capac gets the word
Smallpox
Atahualpa vs. Huascar
Return to Spain

19. Pizarro Returns 1532- Back to Tumbes Civil War
Atahualpa ignores Pizarro’s small group
Pizarro insults them
A nervous night
Friar Vicente

20. The Slaughter Hethens! Prisoner King Assassination of Huascar
Death of Atahualpa
End of the Inca -1534
Cuzco and Lima