6. Fire Scar

7. Fire Scar with dates

8. Fire scars

9. Cross section of a Rocky Mountain juniper (Juniperus scopulorum) snag found in El Malpais National Monument near Grants, New Mexico (it's about 3 feet across) This tree had a pith date of 256 BC and an outer ring of about AD 1320, making this tree nearly 1,600 years old when it died!

12. A cross section from a white spruce (Picea glauca) that was struck by a snow avalanche (impact scar on the left side of the section) in the Canadian Rocky Mountains near Alberta, Canada

13. This is the "Bannister Tree," a Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) which has an inside date of about 200 B.C. and an outside date of about A.D. 550.

14. This ponderosa pine tree (Pinus ponderosa) was growing alongside a stream in Pine Canyon in the Chiricahua Mountains of southeastern Arizona. The impact scar on the right was from a flood. Notice the resin behind the scar and how the tree leaned to its left after it was struck by the flood water.

15. A cross section of a giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) showing a remarkable release in growth (notice the wider rings that start in the middle of the photo) following a widespread and intense fire in A.D. 1297

16. A close-up of a cross-section of a giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) showing numerous fire scars and the growth patterns that resulted

17. Increment Borer

28. Fire scar

29. SELECTING WOOD & LUMBER

30. KINDS OF WOOD
Softwood comes from needle leaf, evergreen trees called conifers
Hardwood comes from broadleaf trees that lose their leaves each fall season, called deciduous trees. Kinds of Woods

31. Softwood types White pine Easy to work with, straight Yellow pine
Wear resistant and tough
Fir
Light, straight, and strong
Redwood
Excellent decay resistance
Cedar
Light and easy to split
Spruce
Light, straight, strong and resonant

32. Uses of Softwood Types
White pine – shelving, interior finish, exterior trim, and door frames
Yellow pine – benches, stairs, where semi-hard surface is desired
Fir – framing members, siding, sheathing, and gates
Redwood – posts, fences, patios, and siding
Cedar – fence posts, sills, and shingles
Spruce – aviation and musical instruments

33. HARDWOOD TYPES Oak Tough, strong, and open-grained Walnut
Beautiful, brown, open grain
Maple
Very durable and light-grained
Mahogany
Grain is straight to interlocked, texture is medium to coarse and uniform
Birch
Straight, close grain and a fine, even texture

34. Hardwood Identification
BIRCH
OAK
WALNUT
MAHAGONY
MAPLE

35. Uses of Hardwood Types
Mahogany – is used for fine furniture, boat interiors, pianos,
Birch – used for surface veneer on cabinets and doors, Furniture, high-grade joinery, high-grade plywood
Oak - used in floors, interior finish, barrels, furniture
Walnut – used for fine furniture, boat building, clock cases
Maple – used for floors, interior finish, furniture, and guitar necks

36. THE BASIS OF LUMBER GRADES

38. Examples of Lumber Grades
Examples of Lumber Grades. These would be on the wood at time of purchase.

39. DEFECT VS. BLEMISH
A Lumber defect is an irregularity in or on the wood that reduces its strength, durability, or usefulness
A Lumber blemish is a defect that impairs only the wood’s appearance

40. Common Lumber Defects Knots Holes Splits Shakes Pitch pockets
Honey combing
Wane
Decay
Blue Stain
Warp

41. Basic Lumber Grades Select –
Grades A & B suitable for natural finishes
Grades C & D are suitable for paint finishes
Common –
Common #1, 2, and 3 are suitable for use without waste
Common # 4 and 5 are suitable for use permitting waste

42. Factors to Consider when Selecting Lumber
Quality construction does not require that all the lumber be of the best grade
Several grades of lumber may be appropriate in a single structure
Good economical construction requires the proper use of the lowest grade lumber suitable for the purpose