1. Chapter 34-35
From republic to empire + Daily life in the Roman Empire Project for this chapter

2. Expansion took over 500 years 509 B.C.E. to 14C.E.
At the height included most of Europe with North Africa, Egypt, Syria, and Asia Minor
Rome fought countless wars to defend their territory
During this time Rome changed to having an emperor worshiped as a god

3. First period of Expansion
509 B.C.E. Romans drove the last Etruscan king out of power
Rome became a republic
Next 245 years Rome fought lots of enemies
Eventually made allies of former enemies and controlled all of Italy

4. The Second Period of Expansion
Carthage in north Africa fought three major wars with Rome
Rome gained control of North Africa, much of Spain, and the island of Sicily.
Rome conquered Macedonia and Greece
The Second Period of Expansion

5. Third Period of Expansion
145 to 44 BCE – Rome ruled entire Mediterranean world
Include Asia Minor, Syria, and Egypt
Julius Caesar conquered much of Gaul (France)
Republic was in trouble
Civil wars divided the city
Roman generals became dictators
Armies against Senate
Caesar ruled as a dictator before murdered in 44 BCE
Julius Caesar (Part 1 of 3) (7.3)
Men that killed him thought they were saving power of the Senate
Octavian seized power (grandson) was called Augustus or ‘honored one’
Rome now an empire ruled by a supreme leader
Third Period of Expansion

6. Fourth Period of Expansion
Start of the empire and lasted until 14 BCE
First emperor was Augustus
Added new territory by expanding to natural borders
At height Roman Empire stretched from the island of Britain to the Black Sea
Each period involved cost and sacrifice
Fourth Period of Expansion

7. Rome’s conquest of the Italian peninsula, 509 to 264 BCE
200 years of constant warfare
Gradually took control of Italian peninsula
Last Etruscan king overthrown in 509 BCE
493 BCE roman leaders signed treaty with Latin neighbors to south (there shall be peace between the Romans and all the communities of Latin's as long as heaven and earth endure)
Next hundred years fought Etruscans and tribes in hills around Rome
390 BCE almost end of Rome – Gauls crushed Roman army and surged into the city burned and looted most of it
Romans considered leaving but decided to start over.
Rebuilt city with walls then Roman soldiers on march again.
300 BCE conquered Etruscans and neighboring tribes
In south battled Samnites and several Greek cities
275 BCE controlled Italian peninsula.
As area grew had to keep large permanent army to defend ALL lands and more Romans (plebeians) required to be part of Army
Rome allowed some captured people to become citizens. Some had limited privileges
had to pay Roman taxes and supply soldiers for Roman armies.
264 BCE more citizens and well trained soldiers than any other power in Mediterranean world.

8. Overseas expansion during the Punic wars, 264 BCE to 146 BCE
2nd period three wars with Carthage for control of Mediterranean region
Carthage controlled must of trade in western Mediterranean as Rome took these cities became involved with Carthage
Wars called Punic Wars first war second war
3rd war
First war mostly at sea 264 BCE
Copied Carthaginians ship designs
241 BCE Rome won Sicily and other islands and Cartage treasury was given to Rome
Second war Hannibal in 218 BCE marched his army from Spain across Alps and into Italy. Carthage attacked Rome
Rode elephants and braved snowstorms, land slides, and attacked by local tribes. Fought for 15 years
In 202 BCE Hannibal returned home to defend Carthage against Roman army – he was defeated in battle that ended the 2nd Punic War.

9. For 50 years peace between Rome and Carthage.
Third war - Cato asked Romans to attack again.
This lasted 3 years – Romans burned Carthage, killed many people and sold others into slavery
Now greatest power in Mediterranean region
Victories came with a price
Families mourned
Hannibal destroyed thousands of farms, others neglected
Grain now coming into Roman homes from other areas.
Small farms replaced with large estates that planted vineyards and raised livestock
Poor farmers had to sell their farms.
Acquired new customs many from Greece (homes and temples)
first war (10.0www.youtube.com/watch?v=wtseWnNmHqg&feature=PlayList&p=AF3D846...

10. Expansion during the final years of the Republic, 145 BCE to 44 BCE
By this time had great wealth in conquests
Republican government under great strain
End of third period of expansion republic collapsed
More wars
Allies resented taxes and fight as soldiers without being citizens
91 BCE rebelled and all Italians could be citizens
Slave revolts had 100’s of thousands – were treated harshly
Spartacus – revolt of 73 BCE – killed Spartacus in battle and hung thousands of rebels on crosses
Carthage was forced to give Spain to Rome along with huge sums of money

11. Trouble in the city
Slaves did all the work so farmers and laborers had nothing to do
Crowded into Rome and became a mob for an ambitious leader
Generals used their armies to gain fame in far-off lands and then fight for power in Rome
Civil war in 80s BCE killed 200,000 Romans
40 years later – two ambitious generals –
Pompey expanded Rome rule in eastern lands –Syria and island of Cyprus
Julius Caesar conquered much of Gaul
Both wanted control of Rome but Pompey had senate support
Forbid enter of Caesar into Italy – Caesar disobeyed
Caesar into Italy (3.1)

12. 3 year fight ended with Caesar named dictator for life – end of the republican form of government
Instituted many reforms and gave work to many Romans making them happy
Roads and public buildings
Gladiator contests they could watch for free
Adopted a new calendar still used today
Saw Rome as a great empire
Started new colonies and gave citizenship to people in Gaul and Spain
March 15, 44 BCE a group stabbed him to death as he was entering the Senate
death of Caesar (3.0) very bloody view first
They thought they were saving the republic but they were wrong soon they had a true Roman Emperor

13. Rome becomes an empire 44 BCE to 14 CE
After Caesar’s death there were a bunch of civil wars that lasted 10 years
Octavian was Caesar’s grandnephew and adopted son – emperor and start of 4th period of expansion
To gain power –defeated Marc Antony in a sea battle and they ran home to Egypt and killed themselves
Octavian told people he was restoring their republic
He was given the title of Augustus (honored)
He encouraged education, art, and literature
Repaired more than 80 ruined temples
First police force, firefighters and library
Ruled over 50 million people
Judea and Armenia became Roman provinces
Pushed borders to natural boundaries
Improved trade routes – built harbors, canals, and roads
Made Roman coins – a single system of currency

14. Expansion brought new problems
Tried to reform Roman morals
Punished unfaithful husbands and wives
Established a private army for his protection (Praetorian Guard) they sometimes murdered future emperors
Mostly peace for 200 years (the Pax Romana or Roman Peace)
One rebellion lasted 3 years and 100,000 soldiers

15. Summary Conquest of the Italian peninsula Punic wars
First period of expansion began 509 BCE. The Romans rebelled against Etruscans, Rome became a republic. The Romans conquered central Italy. By 264 BCE, Rome controlled all of Italy
Punic wars
2nd period from BCE – Rome fought Carthage in the 3 Punic Wars gained North Africa, much of Spain and Sicily. Conquered Macedonia and Greece.
Final years of Republic
BCE Rome took control of Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt and Gaul – wars divided republic – Julius Caesar made himself dictator for life. Octavian seized power and became first emperor – Caesar Augustus
Rome becomes an empire
4th period of expansion- lasted until 14 CE. Emperors added a great deal of new territory. At height 117 CE the empire stretched from Britain to the present day Middle East

16. Rome was center of empire
(family life)(2.1)
Rome was connected by thousands of miles of roads, and laws, customs and military might
Rome was center of empire
Forum (gathering place) originally was an open area used for merchant stalls, races, games and plays, eventually it was a sprawling complex of government offices, meeting halls, temples, theaters and monuments (the heart of Rome’s religious, business and government life)
Large contrasts between rich and poor
Rome, itself, beautiful temples, stately palaces, flowering gardens
Most people had tiny apartments on narrow, crammed, dirty streets

17. Rich –
Women with slaves shopped for goods
Senators strolled with bodyguards
Spent sums of money on silk perfumes, jeweled weapons, musical instruments, fine pottery
Emperors gave away food and provided entertainment (gladiator games and chariot races
Most people lived in countryside
Common and poor
Merchants and craftspeople labored at trades
Soldiers tramped through streets
Slaves (hundreds of thousands)
Lived in filthy neighborhoods filled with crime and disease
Lucky to live past 10
Some worked own farms while others worked on huge estates
Poor faced harsher treatment for a crime than the rich

18. Law and order Senate and assembly were important sources of law
Ultimate source was the emperor
Honored old traditions
Senate met – had high statue – own style of clothes with special rings, pins, or togas (robes) even their own bodyguards
Bodyguards carried fasces ( bundles of sticks with an ax in the center) – showing governments right to use physical punishment on lawbreakers
Crime was rampant stealing, assault, and murder
Police watched rich neighborhood but not poorer sections of the city
Rich worn rags in street at night to hide wealth
Women and children to stay in house
Anyone could accuse someone else of a crime with jury deciding case – they would try to win sympathy

19. Religion
Very important – they had adopted Greek gods as well as other cultures gods
From all of these created their own set of gods
Felt gods controlled their daily lives
At temples made offerings and promises to gods – food animals including bulls, sheep and oxen
If a person had a part of their body hurt they would leave something to remind god what they needed ( clay foot)
Special festivals and holidays (holy days) to honor gods throughout year
Religion part of daily life – each home had an alter to worship own gods and spirits
Family hearth was sacred to goddess Vesta – when eating would throw a small cake as an offering into the fire
Came to accept the emperors as gods
They welcomed new religions as long as didn’t encourage disloyalty to emperor

20. Family life
Ruled by paterfamilias or father of the family – even grown sons and daughters had to obey him
Men provided for the family
Usually well-paid government positions
In poor families wife and husband worked
Wealthy women ran households
role of women (2.5)
Bought and trained slaves
Often bought and sold property
Babies – usually born at home and only strong, healthy babies were kept others left outside to die
Named in special ceremony at 9 days old. Given a good luck charm (bulla) around neck and they wore this throughout childhood
day in life 10 year old (2.3)
Boys between 14 and 18 celebrated becoming a man – he offered his bulla and childhood toys to the gods
Girls no ceremony married between 12 and 18
Weddings held in temple – bride wore white toga with a long veil – groom wore toga and leather shoes
Groom did not become paterfamilias until his father dies

21. Food and drink What you ate depended on whether you were rich or poor
Rich had kitchens in their homes
Poor cooked on small grills or fast food places called thermopolia
Main foods were bread, beans, spices, vegetables, cheese and meats – drink – water wine, with herbs and/or honey
Breakfast – bread and a bowl of beans or porridge (oatmeal like cereal
Lunch – cheese and bread maybe some olives or celery
Dinner – (poor) chunk of fish with asparagus and figs (wealthy) fancier dinners mice cooked in honey, roasted parrots stuffed with dates, salted jellyfish and snails dipped in milk
Markets – used monkeys or colorful birds to attract customers
Fruit, live rabbits, chickens, geese, snails, cuts of meat, jars of salty fish sauce

22. Housing Rich Spacious airy
Built of stone or marble – thick walls to keep out noises
Atrium – family great guests here
Indoor pool to keep area cool
Opening in roof to get light
Many rooms – walls covered with pictures (murals and mosaics) – statues
Dining rooms had fountains
Guests lay on couches ate food prepared by slaves – listened to slaves on flutes and stringed instruments (lyre and lute)
Poor
Small and dark, cramped, noisy, and dirty
Tall apartment buildings
No proper kitchen – cooked on portable grills
Filth and disease-carrying rats
Spread disease
Buildings made of wood so fire a problem

23. Education Schooling depended on type of family you were from
(4.0) children education
Schooling depended on type of family you were from
Many poor went right to work – i.e. leatherworking and metalworking to earn money for family
Wealthy families boys and girls tutored by fathers or slaves until 6 or 7 then off to school
Schools were in private homes or public buildings many tutors were Greek slaves
A typical school day began early in morning
Walked crowed streets carrying supplies in a leather shoulder bay
Stopped at breakfast bar and bought beans, nuts and freshly baked bread
In classroom sat on small stools around tutor
Used a stylus to copy lessons on small wooden boards covered with wax
When lesson over rubbed out writing
School day lasted until 2-3 in the afternoon
Learned Greek, Latin, math, science, literature, music, and public speaking
Girls trained to become dentists, real estate agents, tutors or midwives
Boys became soldiers, doctors, politicians, or lawyers
Boys stayed in school until or if wealthy 16 when they began managing their own properties

24. Recreation Many forms of recreation
how to be a gladiator (3.5)
chariot races history (4.2)
Ben Hur 1925 (10.0)
Many forms of recreation
Wealthy had lots of leisure time – slaves did all the work
Public theaters and musical performances
Public baths (swim, exercise, steam bath or massage) they also had gardens, libraries, shops and art galleries
Emperors gave poor bread and circuses ( food and entertainment to keep them busy and happy)
Festivals for rich and poor
Gladiator games
Held in public arenas – Colosseum
Both men and women, slaves and prisoners of war
Fought each other and animals and death was bloody and painful
and chariot races
Held in Circus Maximus that seats 200,000 people
Wealthy sat on plush cushion close to track with shade protecting them
Poor sat on wooden benches high above
Men and women sat in separate sections except in Circus Maximus
Recreation

25. Country life 90% of people lived in country Wealthy –
Owned estates with homes called villas
Invested money in crops and livestock
A place to relax in summer
Checked on how managed
Time to read and write, hunting, picnicking, and taking long walks
Farms provided food – grains, grapes, olives, goats and sheep, cattle and pigs, bees
Slaves did the work – often treated cruelly
Country folk had hard lives
Lived in huts, tried to earn enough to live

26. Summary Rome was a thriving city
Magnificent temples surrounded by narrow, dirty streets crowded with city’s poor
Rich and poor worshiped the same gods and same recreation
Rich and poor lived different lives
Wealthy – pleasures
Poor – struggled to survive
Rome center of world