1. Reactions of Photosynthesis
Biology - Chapter 8

2. Cellular Respiration
Biology - Chapter 8

3. Cellular Respiration
Biology - Chapter 8

4. Cellular Respiration
Biology - Chapter 9

5. Biology - Chapter 9

6. Photosynthesis and Respiration
Respiration: process of converting food energy into a form of energy usable by the cell
·      All life activities require energy
·      Source of energy is food (organic molecules)
o     More specifically, the energy is stored in chemical bonds.
Ex. Glucose is the most common food molecule
Biology - Chapter 9

7. Photosynthesis Vs. Respiration
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8. ATP – adenine triphosphate
·       Molecule that temporarily stores energy for the cells to use 
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9. ATP – adenine triphosphate
Break bonds  release energy
Make bonds  store energy
ATP  ADP + P + energy (releasing energy)
ADP + P + energy  ATP (storing energy)
Biology - Chapter 9

10. Cellular Respiration
Glucose is broken down, energy is released and stored in ATP. H2O (water) and CO2 (carbon dioxide) are waste products.
Respiration occurs in the mitochondria
Know this:
C6H12O6 + O2  CO2 + H2O + energy (ATP)
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11. Biology - Chapter 9

12. Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 ----> 6CO2 + 6H2O
Biology - Chapter 9

13. Cellular Respiration
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14. 3 Stages of Cellular Respiration 1. Glycolysis 2. Krebs Cycle 3
3 Stages of Cellular Respiration 1. Glycolysis 2. Krebs Cycle 3. Electron Transport Chain
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15. Stage 1: Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the first series of reactions that break glucose apart to liberate the energy.
Glycolysis occurs in both aerobic (with oxygen) and anaerobic (does not need oxygen) respiration!
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16. Stage 2: Krebs Cycle
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17. Cellular Respiration 2 Stages of Respiration 1. Anaerobic Respiration
 Anaerobic Respiration (fermentation)
·       Occurs in cytoplasm
·       Simple organisms (unicellular)
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18. Anaerobic Respiration (fermentation)
2 ATP
Glucose
2 Pyruvic Acids
Alcohol and CO2
Lactic Acid
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19. Anaerobic Respiration (fermentation)
Examples:
Bacteria Yeast Bread
Sauerkraut Alcohol – beer/wine
Yogurt
Vinegar
Buttermilk
Cheese
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20. Anaerobic Respiration
Example: Bread Yeast
                                                                                                                                                                                         
Bread yeast, or baker’s yeast, reproduces by a process called budding. Bread yeast causes bread to rise by releasing carbon dioxide, which gets trapped in the dough.
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21. Fermentation Inside a Modern Brewery
                                                                            
The huge brew kettles shown are used in a vital stage of the beer-brewing process. Hops, cone-like flowers derived from hop vines, give beer its bitter flavour and help prevent the growth of certain bacteria.
Fermentation
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22. Aerobic Respiration
In the absence of oxygen, fermentation reactions produce alcohol or lactic acid but no additional ATP.
                                                    
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23. Aerobic Respiration (mitochondria)
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24. Aerobic Respiration (mitochondria)
      Same beginning as anaerobic respiration
  2 Pyruvic acid molecules go through
  Krebs Cycle
  Electron Transport Chain
The molecules are broken down further and more energy is released -
Last step: H2 + O2 = H20 (waste) Net gain =
   
36 ATP
36 ATP
Aerobic Respiration is 18X more efficient than anaerobic respiration
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25. Lactic Acid
There is a definite limit to anaerobic respiration because of the lactic acid. The acid is what makes your muscles hurt. Lactic acid builds up in the muscle tissue and causes the fatigue and soreness you feel in your exercising muscles.
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27. Cellular Respiration
1. Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol. 2. The Krebs cycle takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria. 3. Oxidative phosphorylation via the electon transport chain is carried out on the inner mitochondrial membrane. In the absence of oxygen, respiration consists of two metabolic pathways: glycolysis and fermentation. Both of these occur in the cytoplasm.

28. Step 1: Glycolysis
In glycolysis, the 6-carbon sugar, glucose, is broken down into two molecules of a 3-carbon molecule called pyruvate. This change is accompanied by a net gain of 2 ATP molecules and 2 NADH molecules.

29. Step 2: The Krebs Cycle
The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and generates a pool of chemical energy (ATP, NADH, and FADH2) from the oxidation of pyruvate, the end product of glycolysis.

30. Step 3: The Electron Transport Chain
The electron transport chain allows the release of the large amount of chemical energy stored in reduced NAD+ (NADH) and reduced FAD (FADH2). The energy released is captured in the form of ATP (3 ATP per NADH and 2 ATP per FADH2).

31. Fermentation
Fermentation complements glycolysis and makes it possible for ATP to be continually produced in the absence of oxygen. By oxidizing the NADH produced in glycolysis, fermentation regenerates NAD+, which can take part in glycolysis once again to produce more ATP.

32. Glucose & Energy
Each molecule of glucose can generate molecules of ATP in aerobic respiration but only 2 ATP molecules in respiration without oxygen (through glycolysis and fermentation).

34. Photosynthesis Overview
·  Carried out by Autotrophs
·  Occurs only during daylight
 ·  Light energy is used to combine H2O and CO2 into glucose (C6H12O6) (light energy is now stored in chemical bonds).
Know this (forever):
Light energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O  (chlorophyll) C6H12O6 + 6O2
(Notice that this is the complete opposite to cellular respiration)
Photosynthesis is broken up into 2 stages:
Chloroplast: Light reactions (light-dependent reactions)
Mitochondria: Dark reactions (light-independent reactions)
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35. Photosynthesis Overview
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36. Light Dependent Reactions
Light Reactions (light-dependent reactions):
·      White light  ROYGBIV
·       Colors that are most important in photosynthesis: RED and BLUE
·     
Photosynthetic pigments absorb light energy and convert it into a form usable by the cell.
·       Chlorophyll – major photosynthetic pigment
·       Carotene – accessory pigment (orange)
·       Xanthophyll - accessory pigment (yellow)
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37. Light Dependent Reactions
Light strikes chlorophyll and excites it
Energy released and it splits H2O into H2 and O2
O2 goes into the atmosphere
Energy and H2 goes to dark reactions
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38. Light Dependent : Krebs Cycle
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39. Dark Reactions: Mitochondria
Dark Reactions (light-independent reactions):
H2 and energy (from light reactions)
H2 + CO2  ADP + PGAL
PGAL molecule that forms glucose and other food molecules
H2O released
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40. Photosynthesis Vs. Respiration
Comparison Chart for Photosynthesis versus Respiration
Photosynthesis
Respiration
What happens to energy?
It is stored
It is released
Wastes produced
O2 and C6H12O6
CO2 and H2O, ATP
Energy Source
Sunlight
Food (glucose)
Energy Conversion
Light  chemical
Chemical  ATP
Who does it?
Autotrophs
Autotrophs & Heterotrophs
When is it done?
During daylight
24 hours per day (all the time!)
Biology - Chapter 9

41. Comparison Chart for Anaerobic Vs. Aerobic Respiration
Anaerobic Vs. Aerobic
Comparison Chart for Anaerobic Vs. Aerobic Respiration
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Does it need O2 (oxygen)?
None
Needs O2
Amount of energy needed to start
2 ATP
Net gain of energy
36 ATP
Occurs in cytoplasm?
Yes No
Occurs in mitochondria?
Does it need enzymes?
Wastes produced
Alcohol, CO2 OR Lactic acid
CO2, H2O
Biology - Chapter 9