Ontario’s Class M1 and M2 Licensing and Skills Testing Processes

Ontario’s Class M1 and M2 Licensing and Skills Testing Processes
Presentation to the National Association of State Motorcycle Safety Administrators (SMSA) Burlington, Vermont September 29, 2017

Getting a Motorcycle Licence in Ontario
Requirements for new riders: Be at least 16 years old at the time of application Meet the vision standards Pass the motorcycle knowledge test at a DriveTest Centre: Traffic signs, rules of the road, motorcycle-specific questions Pass 2 road tests at a DriveTest Centre or take a motorcycle safety course M1 & M2 for full speed motorcycle M1 and M2(L) for limited-speed motorcycles & mopeds M1 and M2(M) for motor tricycles ORIGINAL LICENCES: Classes M1/M2 Vision Requirements 2.3.2 Applicants must meet the following minimum vision requirements: • A visual acuity as measured by Snellen Rating that is not poorer than 20/50, with both eyes open and examined together with or without the aid of corrective lenses. • 120° horizontal visual field (peripheral vision) in total (as defined in Reg. 340/94, a horizontal visual field of at least 120 continuous degrees along the horizontal meridian and at least 15 continuous degrees above and below fixation, with both eyes open and examined together). Vision screening devices used by DriveTest Centres, ServiceOntario College Park, MTO Driver Improvement Counsellors, and Recognized Authorities test only the 120 degrees requirement. Applicants who fail to meet the minimum requirements must be provided with a Report of Examination of Visual Functions (SR-A-7) and be referred to an ophthalmologist, optometrist or general practitioner. Applicants are responsible for returning with a completed SR-A-7 within 60 days. Vision requirements must be satisfied before any other tests can be administered. Written Test 20 questions per section Applicant must answer a minimum of 16/20 correct in each section If applicant does not attain minimum mark in a section, they are able to attempt the unsuccessful section of their test Current knowledge test fee $15.75 Road test Fees Current level 1 road test fee $52.50 Current level 2 road test fee $89.25

Getting a Motorcycle Licence in Ontario
When the rider gets their M2 driver’s licence (DL) they have up to five years to finish the licensing process to obtain their full class M licence; however, six months prior to their M2 expiry, they can take the level one road test again to have another five years as an M2 If they fail the level one road test or if they do not obtain their full class M by their expiry date, they will lose their M2 and need to re-apply for their M1. Then they would need to pass their knowledge and level one road test again to get their M2 No mandatory waiting periods will apply if they reapply within three years

Motorcycle applicant requirements before GLS
Prior to GLS Motorcycle applicant requirements before GLS Be at least 16 years old at the time of application Meet the vision standards Pass the motorcycle knowledge test at the MTO Driver Examination Centre: Upon successful knowledge test, 60-day “R permit” issued Pass one road test at a MTO Driver Examination Centre or take a motorcycle safety course within the 60-day validity period of “R permit” This road test is equivalent to the current GLS’s level one road test which has no expressway component Full class M licence issued upon successful completion

GLS – Introduced on April 1st 1994
GLS lets new riders get riding experience The two-step licensing process takes at least 20 months to complete Holders of motorcycle licences from reciprocating jurisdictions (i.e. other Canadian provinces or territories, the United States, Switzerland, Australia, Northern Ireland and Canadian Forces Europe) with at least two years of driving experience in that jurisdiction may be eligible for a full licence exchange Licence holders from these jurisdictions with less than two years of experience may be eligible to start at the M2 level *As of April 1, 1994, new Ontario drivers applying for their first car or motorcycle licence enter the GLS ** The type of motorcycle licence received in exchange is dependent on the type of motorcycle licence held, experience and any stipulations in the agreement with that jurisdiction If you have been legally driving a regular motorcycle for two or more years, you will receive a regular Class M licence with no conditions. If you do not have at least two years of motorcycle driving experience, you may receive a Class M2 licence and have limited driving privileges. If you drive a limited speed motorcycle or moped with a limit of 70 km/hour, you may receive a Class M with a condition L. However, please note that an exchange for an M(L) driver’s licence is currently available only to applicants from Saskatchewan, New Brunswick, PEI, and Quebec. If you drive a three-wheeled motorcycle and come from Quebec, you may receive a Class M with a condition 1. All exchanges/applications for Ontario licence, the applicant must pass vision screening.

Past Motorcycle Licensing Requirements vs.. Current GLS
Motorcycle Licensing Requirements Before GLS Current GLS Motorcycle Licensing Requirements Must be at least 16 years of age Must pass vision test, road knowledge test, and written motorcycle knowledge test 60-day “R permit” issued Must not carry passengers Must not ride at night Within the 60-day “R permit” validity, pass one motorcycle road test (which is equivalent to current M1 exit road test in GLS), or complete motorcycle safety course Full class M licence issued M1 licence issued valid for 90 days Must hold M1 for minimum of 60 days Other restrictions applicable (See slide 18) Must pass level 1 motorcycle road test at DriveTest Centre or complete an approved motorcycle safety course M2 licence issued valid for 5 years Must hold M2 for minimum 22 months (or 18 months if rider completed M1 approved motorcycle safety course with an RA) Blood-alcohol level must be zero Must pass level 2 motorcycle road test with expressway/highway component at DriveTest Centre or complete approved motorcycle safety course M1 licence restrictions/conditions: You may drive a motorcycle, motor tricycle, a limited-speed motorcycle or a moped, under the following conditions: You must not drive if you have been drinking alcohol. Your blood-alcohol level must be zero. You must drive only during daylight hours — one-half hour before sunrise to one-half hour after sunset. You must not drive on roads with speed limits of more than 80 km/h, except highways 11, 17, 61, 69, 71, 101, 102, 144 and 655. (These exceptions are made because some drivers have no other route available to them.) You must not carry passengers.

Penalties for Novice Drivers Who Break Traffic Laws
A novice driver will face the following penalties for breaking traffic laws: 1st offense: DL suspension for 30 days 2nd offense: DL suspension for 60 days 3rd offense: Loss of novice licence Need to re-apply and start all over, taking all tests and paying all fees and loss of: Time discount earned Any time credited Any fees previously paid

Escalating Penalties for Novice Drivers
Novice riders can also receive ‘escalating’ penalties for breaking certain laws such as: Convicted of breaking GLS rules Convicted of a Highway Traffic Act (HTA) offence that results in four+ demerit points (e.g. street racing, careless driving) Subject to a court-ordered suspension for a HTA offence that would have otherwise resulted in four+ demerit points 1st offence: DL suspension for 30 days 2nd offence: DL suspension for 90 days 3rd offence: Loss of novice licence Need to re-apply and start all over, taking all tests and paying all fees and loss of: Time discount earned Any time credited Any fees previously paid

Penalties for Drinking & Driving as a Novice Rider
All novice riders, regardless of age, must have a blood alcohol level of zero If a novice rider drinks and drives: DL suspension, at roadside, for 24 hours Upon conviction, DL suspension for a minimum of 30 days and a $60-$500 fine If a novice rider has their DL suspended for drinking and driving, their novice DL may be cancelled They would have to retake all driving tests and repay all fees

Classes of Motorcycle Licences

Class M1- All Motorcycles
Level 1 of GLS for motorcycles, including limited-speed motorcycles (motor scooters) and motor-assisted bicycles (mopeds), and motor tricycles Once the rider passes their knowledge test, they obtain a class M1, which is valid for 90 days M1 exit test Assesses basic riding skills Must have held their M1 for at least 60 days before taking the M1 exit test

Class M2 – Full-Speed Motorcycles
Level 2 of GLS for motorcycles, including limited-speed motorcycles (motor scooters) and motor-assisted bicycles (mopeds), and motor tricycles Once the rider obtains their M2 licence when they pass their M1 exit test, they obtain a class M2, which is valid for five years M2 exit test Assesses more advanced riding skills Must have held their M2 for a minimum 22 months before taking the M2 exit test or 18 months if they completed an Ministry approved motorcycle safety course with an RA

Class M2(L) Limited-Speed Motorcycles (LSMs)
Effective November 28, 2005 All the M2 licensing conditions apply to the holder of an M2(L) plus: Can only ride a motor scooter or moped Only on roads with a maximum speed of 80 km/hr As of 1988, all LSMs have a label on the steering column or under the seat Beside the ‘type of vehicle’ are the letters “LSM/MVL” Before 1988 – without a label, an LSM can be identified if it is electric or gas powered and has: Maximum speed of 70 km/hr Automatic transmission Engine size 50 cc or less A ‘step through’ design between the seat and handlebars

Class M2(M) - Motor Tricycles
Effective April 2008 All the M2 licensing conditions apply to the holder of an M2(M) plus: The holder can only ride a three-wheeled motorcycle Motor Tricycles must: Travel on three wheels in contact with the ground Have straddled seating for the driver Use a handle bar for steering controls Have no more than four seats Have a gross vehicle weight of 1,000 kg or less Not have a structure partly or fully enclosing the driver and passenger except in front of the driver and the seat backrest Note: some vehicles with three wheels, because of the close spacing of its front wheels, are considered to be a two-wheeled open motorcycle (i.e. Piaggio). If a road test is taken with one of these vehicles, the licence holder will receive a full class M, rather than limited, class M driver’s licence.

Class M Class M riders can ride any two or three-wheeled motorcycle on any public road in Ontario Also permitted to ride LSMs and motor-assisted bicycles (mopeds) on public roads other than those listed in Regulation 630 of the HTA

Full M(L) for LSMs or mopeds
Class M(L) - LSMs Full M(L) for LSMs or mopeds If you pass the M2 exit test on a LSM, or moped, you get an M(L) licence and you may ride a LSM or moped, on public roads other than controlled-access highways and those roads listed in Regulation 630 of the HTA Note: M(L) licence cannot operate a full speed motorcycle or motor tricycle

Class M(M) - Motor Tricycles
Full M(M) for Motor Tricycles If you pass the M2 exit test on a three-wheeled motorcycle, you get an M(M), which allows you to only ride motor tricycles on public roads Note: M(M) licence cannot operate full speed motorcycle or limited speed motorcycle or moped

Motorcycle Licensing Restrictions
Licence Class Restrictions Minimum Length Maximum Length Other M1 Zero Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) Daylight hour driving only Wear an approved helmet Excluded from driving on roads with speed limits greater than 80 km/h No passengers 60 days 90 days Must be at least 16 years of age Must pass vision test, road knowledge test, and written motorcycle knowledge test M2 or M2 Restricted Conditions L & M Zero BAC M2 Restricted: M2(L): Operation of only limited-speed motorcycles or mopeds M2(M): Operation of only motor tricycles 22 months 60 months Must pass M1 exit road test Minimum 22 months or 18 months if an approved safety course is passed. M or M Restricted Wear an approved helmet. M Restricted: M(L) Operation of only limited-speed motorcycles or mopeds M(M) Operation of only motor tricycles N/A Licence renewal every 5 years Must pass M2 exit road test. Note: Daylight hour = half hour after sunset and half hour before sunrise

Three-Wheeled Vehicle (TWV) Pilot
As of March 1, 2016 MTO implemented a 10 year pilot to assess TWVs on how they can be safely integrated with other road users prior to considering a permanent framework Only TWVs that meet the federal definition are considered for inclusion in this pilot Operators are required to: Have a full G licence Wear a seat belt Wear an approved motorcycle helmet For the duration of the pilot, the TWVs will be registered as motorcycles Note 1: According to the federal Motor Vehicle Safety Act definition, a three-wheeled vehicle means a vehicle, other than a competition vehicle, an antique reproduction vehicle, a motorcycle, a restricted-use motorcycle, a trailer or a vehicle imported temporarily for special purposes, that (a) is designed to travel on three wheels in contact with the ground, (b) has no more than four designated seating positions, and (c) has a GVWR of kg or less; This definition clearly separates TWVs from both heavier four-wheeled passenger vehicles and various types of three-wheeled motorcycles. Note:2 This excludes competition vehicles, low-speed vehicles, antique reproduction vehicles, motorcycles, restricted-use motorcycles, trailers and vehicles imported temporarily for special purposes Note 3: The difference between a motor tricycle and a TWV is that a motor tricycle has steering handlebars and the occupants sit astride while a TWV has a steering wheel and the occupants sit in conventional passenger car-type seats

Vehicle Classification
Jurisdictional Scan for TWVs in Canada Province/Territory Vehicle Classification Driver’s Licence Helmet Required Minimum Passenger Requirements Child Car Seats Permitted BC Three Wheel Passenger Vehicle PC No No restriction Yes AB Motorcycle MC SK Yes * None requiring child restraint MB Non-Conforming / Motorcycle (pilot period) No children ON Motorcycle (pilot period) 8 years, 36 kg QC NB NS Motorcycle ** MC Class 6 PE ? NF 16 years N/A YT 6 - NT PC Class 6 NU Notes: The launch of the 2015 three-wheeled Slingshot by American company Polaris Industries has posed a number of challenges to Canadian jurisdictions. As a three-wheeled vehicle, the Slingshot’s configuration often does not align with many jurisdictions’ legislation governing vehicle registration, driver licensing or vehicle equipment standards * The operator and passengers of a TWV that fully meets the static and dynamic crash testing requirements of CMVSS 208 are exempt from the helmet requirement. ** NS does not register the Polaris Slingshot

Samples of TWVs POLARIS SLINGSHOT T-Rex

Samples of TWVs Cont’d V13R Note: TWVs cannot be used for road tests

Motorcycle Road Test There are two ways to advance from an M1 licence to M2 and from an M2 to full M At a DriveTest Centre Through a Recognized Authority (RA) They are both monitored by the MTO through a robust oversight regime which includes audits and sanctioning DriveTest Plenary Serco DES operating as DriveTest is MTO’s third party service provider authorized to conduct licence testing on behalf of the MTO There are 55 DriveTest Centres across Ontario with 39 Travel point locations RAs RAs are third party service providers authorized by way of contract with the MTO to deliver motorcycle training and testing There are 19 community colleges and 8 motorcycle safety organization RAs currently active

Motorcycle Road Test Requirements M1
M1 Exit Test Administration (DriveTest) Controls Skill manoeuvres On-street riding demonstration Note 1: The M1 Exit Test through a Recognized Authority uses the MOST II or modified version of it. Note 2: Information from pages in Motorcycle Handbook Sets of two cones placed one metre apart, with each set 4.5 metres apart (from the centre of the cone), are used to test skill in manoeuvring the motorcycle.

Controls test Gear selector Clutch Front & rear brakes Throttle Kill switch Starter Horn Signalling If equipped: dimmer, ignition & light switches, choke

The walk test Note 1: The M1 Exit Test through a Recognized Authority uses the MOST II or modified version of it. Note 2: Information from pages in Motorcycle Handbook Walk the motorcycle or moped around the cones in a figure eight, preferable with both hands on the handgrips. Without losing control or dropping the vehicle, stop the front wheel on the stop line at the end of the figure eight

Serpentine ride Note: This section was removed from the motor tricycle M1(M) exit test as there was not enough space allotted to complete this manoeuvre in a motor tricycle. While moving slowly and keeping both feet on the footrests, ride in a serpentine pattern in a controlled manner

Straight-line brake test While moving slowly and keeping both feet on the footrests, ride in a straight line between the rows of cones. Turn and accelerate in preparation for the brake test. Bring the vehicle to a quick, safe, controlled stop using both brakes evenly with the front wheel on the finish line. This test is to determine balance and control at low speeds and is meant to be done in one continual motion. If the rider must put a foot down or know a cone over, recover as best as they can and continue on

On-road driving demonstration From DE (outside) Manual Section for M1 marking/passing requirement a. Controls and Skill Manoeuvres: This portion of the test includes (a) locating and using controls, and (b) skill manoeuvres. Reject applicant and terminate examination when more than two items are marked NOT SATISFACTORY. Note: Motor tricycle test only: reject applicant and terminate examination when more than one item is marked NOT SATISFACTORY. b. On-Street Driving Demonstration: Reject applicant when more than two items are marked NOT SATISFACTORY. The examiner will watch the rider’s demonstration from a strategic location where the bike can be observed at several intersections. Riders are expected to obey all the rules of the road, signal all intentions, maintain a good blocking position, keep themselves visible to other traffic. Riders are marked on their lane positioning, turning arcs, use of the vehicle’s controls and observation of traffic

Pass/Fail Rate of M1 Exit Tests Post-GLS
Class Year Location Number Passed Number Failed Percentage Passed Percentage Failed M1 exit 1995 DriveTest 3,619 242 93.7% 6.3% 1996 2,542 191 93.0% 7.0% 1997 2,236 185 92.4% 7.6% 1998 2,128 149 93.5% 6.5% 1999 2,481 441 20.5% 3.6% Recognized Authority 8,001 1,172 66.2% 9.7% 2000 3,091 544 20.7% 9,931 1,349 66.6% 9.1% Note: No DCP/Motorcycle RA information available from 1994 to 1998.

Class Year Location Number Passed Number Failed Percentage Passed Percentage Failed M1 exit 2001 DriveTest 2,847 505 16.3% 2.9% Recognized Authority 12,262 1,789 70.5% 10.3% 2002 1,927 363 11.0% 2.1% 12,977 2,228 74.2% 12.7% 2003 2,051 406 11.1% 2.2% 13,948 2,020 75.7% 2004 2,110 512 2.7% 14,252 2,123 75.0% 11.2% Note: No DCP/Motorcycle RA information available from 1994 to 1998. Note 2: When there are both numbers for DTC and RAs, percentages are calculated using entire total of pass and failed tests. Ie M1 DriveTest pass percentage = 2481/ (total of all M1 tests in 1999) = 20.5%

M2 Exit Test Administration (DriveTest) Advanced knowledge and skills Examiner follows the rider in another vehicle Gives instructions/directions by radio Note 1: From DE (outside) page 8 Note 2: Advanced knowledge generally gained with riding experience.

Comprehensive list of potential achievement test content: Break down driving task into hierarchy of sub-tasks and related manoeuvres Determine knowledge required to perform each manoeuvre Technical and cost-effectiveness criteria for tests Tests are research-based Practical to administer Commercial Driver Licence (CDL) Tests offered the best starting point for the level 2 road tests

M2 Examiner Manual provides: Test overview Examiner qualifications Specify manoeuvres to be included in test and test route construction Stop-by-step instructions on test administration (includes instructions to rider) Detailed scoring criteria: Rider’s tasks Examiner’s observations Examiner’s criteria for judging correct performance

M2 Exit Test Content Specifications
4 right & 4 left turns 2 stop & 2 through intersections 2 curves 2 business & 2 residential straight sections Roadside hazards Lane changes (business sections only) Driving along 2 freeway sections Merge on Lane changes Merge off 1 road side stop Note 1: Passing Requirements Provided that the applicant did not commit any of the disqualification actions: 1. A score of 25 or fewer errors is a passing score for a test with a full-speed motorcycle for a licence with no condition. 2. A score of 20 or fewer errors is a passing score for a test with a limited-speed motorcycle or moped for a licence with condition “L”. 3. A score of 18 or fewer errors is a passing score for a test with a motor tricycle for a licence with a condition ‘M.’ Note 2:

M2 Exit Test Content Specifications
Example of behaviours expected for turns The turn is broken down into the following four requirements: The approach If Stopped Turning Completing the Turn The approach: Looking for: Traffic Check, Lane, Signal, Speed, Space If Stopped: Looking for: Tire track, Space, Stop Line Turning: Looking for: Traffic check, Both feet, Gears (if applicable), Speed, Wide/Short Completing the Turn: Looking for: Lane, Traffic check, Speed, Cancel signal

Class Year Location Number Passed Number Failed Percentage Passed Percentage Failed M2 exit 1995 DriveTest 18 100% 0.0% 1996 263 20 92.9% 7.1% 1997 551 37 93.7% 5.3% 1998 920 59 94.0% 6.0% 1999 1,892 378 64.4% 12.9% Recognized Authority 625 44 21.3% 1.5% 2000 3,403 789 66.4% 15.4% 917 17 17.9% 0.3% Note: No DCP/Motorcycle RA information available from 1994 to 1998.

Class Year Location Number Passed Number Failed Percentage Passed Percentage Failed M2 exit 2001 DriveTest 3,048 728 62.9% 15.0% Recognized Authority 1,051 20 21.7% 0.4% 2002 2,369 643 55.1% 14.9% 1,265 27 29.4% 0.6% 2003 3,066 746 54.3% 13.2% 1,799 35 31.9% 2004 4,090 997 52.8% 12.9% 2,606 45 33.7% Note: No DCP/Motorcycle RA information available from 1994 to 1998.

Contact Dianne Hultay Driver Programs Office
Program Development & Evaluation Branch Road User Safety Division Ontario Ministry of Transportation

Ontario’s Class M1 and M2 Licensing and Skills Testing Processes

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