1. Chapter 17: Enlightenment and Revolution
Section 1: Ideas of the Enlightenment

2. Section 1: Ideas of the Enlightenment
The Age of Reason
Scientific Revolution and Age of Exploration
Facilitated challenges to established beliefs in science, religion, and government
Reason and Logic
Option to explain natural world
Achieve three goals: knowledge, happiness, and freedom
The Enlightenment – Human reason could be used to achieve knowledge, freedom, and happiness; achieving these goals could greatly improve society.

3. Section 1: Ideas of the Enlightenment
The Enlightenment’s Roots (4 elements)
Greek and Roman ideas
Logic could discover new truths; natural law governed how the world operated
Christianity
Faith and reason together could explain the world
Scientific Revolution
Scientific laws, not religion, governed the natural world
Renaissance and Reformation
Humanists emphasized human achievement and said that people could improve their world

4. Section 1: Ideas of the Enlightenment
The Ideas of the Enlightenment (page 476)
The ability to reason is what makes humans unique
Reason can be used to solve problems and improve lives
Reason can free people from ignorance, superstition, and unfair government
The natural world is governed by laws that can be discovered though reason
Like the natural world, human behavior is governed by natural laws
Government should reflect natural laws and encourage education and debate

5. Section 1: Ideas of the Enlightenment
New Ideas
French Philosophers – The Philosophes
Voltaire (Francois-Marie Arouet)
Used intelligence, wit, and sense of justice to mock the government, religious intolerance, and superstition
Fought against censorship – removal of information deemed to be harmful
“I (may) disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.” – Voltaire
Denis Diderot
The Encyclopedia
British Writers
Mary Wollstonecraft
Adam Smith

6. Chapter 17: Enlightenment and Revolution
Section 2: New Views on Government

7. Section 2: New Views on Government
Enlightenment Influence on Monarchies
The Divine Right of Kings
France: Taxes and Power
Louis XIV, Nobles and the clergy
Commoners, peasants and the poor
Enlightened Despots
Despot - a ruler or other person who holds absolute power, typically one who exercises it in a cruel or oppressive way.
Frederick II of Prussia approved reforms to education
Empress Catherine the Great of Russia attempted a constitution
Enlightened Thinkers wanted more

8. Section 2: New Views on Government
Democratic Ideas
John Locke
Two Treaties on Government called government a contract between the ruler and the people
Government’s power should be limited and protect the natural rights of the people
All people have certain natural rights: life, liberty, and property

9. Section 2: New Views on Government
Charles-Louis Montesquieu
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
French Noble published The Spirit of the Laws
Believed that the government should be divided into separate branches
Separation of powers would limit the power each branch held
No branch can control the government
French thinker who criticized divine right
Popular Sovereignty – the ideas that governments should express the will of the people
A citizens enter a social contract so that the government will protect their best interests
Government makes and enforces laws to serve the people of the nation

10. Section 2: New Views on Government
The Enlightenment in America
British Colonists in America
The Seven Years’ War
Wars cost money > colonists should pay
Colonists’ View
Benjamin Franklin
Taxation without Representation
Thomas Jefferson
England had no rights in the colonies
Push for independence in the New World
Help! Help! I'm Being Repressed!!

11. Chapter 17: Enlightenment and Revolution
Section 3: The Age of Revolution

12. Section 3: The Age of Revolution
Revolution and Reform in England
Trouble with Parliament
Masses vs. monarchies
Parliament vs. King Charles I
English Civil War > Cromwell becomes dictator
Resolution of Royalty – James II vs. Charles II

13. Section 3: The Age of Revolution
New Rights for the English People
The English Bill of Rights – a document that listed rights for Parliament and the English people
Drew on the Magna Carta as influence
Limited the powers of rulers and recognized the rights of the people
Parliament could pass laws and raise taxes
Concept of Divine Right of Kings ends

14. Section 3: The Age of Revolution
Democracy in America
A New Country
Colonists were not included in these new rights, although they believed that they were still Britons
Disliked that they were taxed and governed by British
Both Parliament and King too far away to understand America

15. Section 3: The Age of Revolution
A New Country
Colonial leaders and the First Continental Congress
Colonial Split > Patriots and Loyalists
Militias and Red Coats
Lexington and Concord
Second Continental Congress
Declaration of Independence
Magna Carta
Enlightenment Ideas
The English Bill of Rights

16. Section 3: The Age of Revolution
A New Government
Articles of Confederation
Original governing document of the United States
Called for a weak central government
The Constitution
Separation of Powers
Executive – President to enforce laws
Legislative – Congress to create laws
Judicial – Supreme Courts to interpret laws

17. Section 3: The Age of Revolution
The French Revolution
An Unfair Society
French divided into three groups
First Estate – Clergy
Second Estate – Nobles
Third Estate – Peasants, craftworkers, and shopkeepers
The Third Estate were Extremely poor and hungry
King Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette held expensive and FANCY parties
Third Estate > National Assembly demanded a Constitution
Storming of the Bastille > The French Revolution

18. Section 3: The Age of Revolution
The French Revolution
Revolution and Change
The Great Fear > peasants raided, burned, and even killed French nobility
National Assembly drafted a constitution
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
Established a republic and ended the Monarchy with the execution of King Louis
The Reign of Terror
Guillotine