1. The Interwar Period

2. League of Nations What it was? International cooperative organization
Established to prevent future wars
Why it failed?
United States not a member
It did not have power to enforce its decisions

3. The Mandate System
During WWI- Great Britain and France agreed to divide up large portions of the Ottoman Empire between themselves
After the war– the “mandate system” gave Great Britain and France control over what became Iraq, Transjordan, and Palestine (British control) and Syria and Lebanon (French control)

4. “Solutions” to World War I: Mandate System
• Great Britain and France agreed to divide the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East between themselves. • The “mandate system” gave Great Britain lands that became Iraq, Transjordan, and Palestine and France lands that became Syria and Lebanon • This system planted the seeds for future conflicts in the Middle East.

5. Mandate System
The division of the Ottoman Empire through the mandate system planted the seeds for future conflicts in the Middle East.

8. England & Ireland
Easter 1916, Irish militants revolted against British rule wanting independence but it was squashed quickly
1922, Ireland becomes the Self-Governing Irish Free State

9. Worldwide Depression Causes… German Reparations
Expansion of production capacities and dominance of the US in the global economy
High protective tariffs
Excessive expansion of credit
Stock Market Crash (1929)
Impact…
High unemployment
Bank failures and collapse of credit
Collapse of prices in world trade
Nazi party’s growing importance in Germany; Nazi Party’s blame of European Jews for economic collapse

10. Change in economic indicators 1929–32
United States
Great Britain
France
Germany
Industrial production
–46%
–23%
–24%
–41%
Wholesale prices
–32%
–33%
–34%
–29%
Foreign trade
–70%
–60%
–54%
–61%
Unemployment
+607%
+129%
+214%
+232%

17. The Treaty of Versailles worsened economic and political conditions in Europe and led to the rise of totalitarian regimes in Italy and Germany.

18. Remember The Treaty of Versailles?
Germans
had to accept Blame for WWI
had to pay $33 billion in Reparations
were forced to reduce the Army to 100,000 men
lost all overseas Territories as well as Alsace and Lorraine 18

19. Failure of the Treaty of Versailles:
Germany was left without an army or navy to defend itself.
Serious depressions (especially Germany b/c of war reparations).
Territories divided, new nations created w/o consideration of the people.
Soviet Union was left out of peace talks.

20. And the causes of World War II.
The Rise of Dictators:
And the causes of World War II.

21. Hitler as WWI Soldier

22. Hitler built up support in Germany and was arrested for treason22

23. Jailed, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf– “My Struggle”23

24. Germany Adolf Hitler Inflation and depression
Democratic government weakened
Anti-Semitism
Extreme nationalism
National Socialism (Nazism)
German occupation of nearby countries

33. Austrian, fought in WWI German Army
NAZI GERMANY: HITLER
Austrian, fought in WWI German Army
Weimar Republic: Constitutional government after WWI
1923, imprisoned and wrote Mein Kampf
1933, became Chancellor, but 1934 was a dictator

34. Extreme nationalism and racism (anti-Semitism)
NAZI GERMANY: HITLER
Extreme nationalism and racism (anti-Semitism)
Militaristic expansion
Charismatic leader
Terror & secret police
Nuremburg Laws (1935) & Kristallnacht (1938)
No modern art, jazz, Christianity

35. Worldwide depression in the 1930s provided opportunities for the rise of dictators in the Soviet Union, Germany, Italy, and Japan.

36. Faces of Aggression:

37. Italy Benito Mussolini Rise of fascism
Ambition to restore the glory of Rome
Invasion of Ethiopia

38. FASCIST ITALY: Benito MUSSOLINI
Joined allies in 1915
Post war: peasants unhappy, workers went on strike, veterans unemployed, trade dropped, taxes increased
1929, Mussolini asked to be Prime Minister by king
Controlled by terror
State vs. Individual
FASCIST ITALY: Benito MUSSOLINI

39. FASCIST ITALY: Benito MUSSOLINI
Extreme nationalism
Militaristic expansion to restore Roman Empire
Invaded Ethiopia 1935
WHY = strong, stable government, ended political feuds, national pride

40. Japan Hirohito and Hideki Tojo Militarism
Industrialization of Japan, leading to drive for raw materials
Invasion of Korea, Manchuria, and the rest of China

41. JAPAN: TOJO AND HIROHITO
1925: all men could vote
Unrest: poor, low wages
Drawn to communism
Invaded Korea, Manchuria (1931), China
Militarism, Nationalism and Racism
Tojo became militaristic Prime Minister for Emperor Hirohito
1940: Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy
Prime Minister Hideki Tojo (above) and Emperor Hirohito (below)

42. Japan emerged as a world power after World War I and conducted aggressive imperialistic policies in Asia.

43. U.S.S.R. Joseph Stalin Entrenchment of communism
Stalin’s policies (five-year plans, collectivization of farms, state industrialization, secret police)
Great Purge

44. A communist dictatorship was established by Vladimir Lenin and continued by Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union.

45. COMMUNIST SOVIET UNION: STALIN
5 Year Plans (collectivization of farms, state industrialization)
Great Purge use of secret police - 7 million disappeared ??
Propaganda, Censorship, Atheism
Worldwide spread of Communism vs. Guarantee national security

46. Common Themes: Hold power by force and fear
Pass laws to forbid political competition
Appeal to people’s prejudices
All suffering from hard economic times

47. Early Aggressions: 1931: Japan takes Manchuria
1935: Mussolini invades Ethiopia
1935: Hitler begins to rebuild army
1936: Germany occupies Rhineland
1937: Japan invades China
1939: Germany invades Poland to begin World War II