1. Unit 1: Introduction to the Study of Living Things
Biology: What is it all about?

2. Chapter 1: Biology and Science
A. What is biology?
1. __________ - The study of life.
The science of life and of living
organisms, including their structure,
function, growth, origin, evolution,
and distribution.
2. __________ – Any living thing
3. Biologist

3. B. Science
1. Scientific Method = Scientific Inquiry
- Basic _____________ to follow for answering scientific
questions
- Scientific Inquiry begins with making _______________
2. Steps of the Scientific Method:
a. State the ____________
b. Propose a Hypothesis
_____________ = a prediction about the possible answer
based on previous knowledge
c. Experimentation
_____________ = factors that are manipulated during an
experiment
__________________ = an experiment in which only one
variable is changed
d. Observations / Results
e. Conclusions
f. Repeat the Experiment

4. Watering Plant Experiment

5. 3. Scientific Facts
a. ___________ = information based on experimentation
observations and tests demonstrate basic information to
the scientist
b. _________ = explains a certain set of facts ideas about a
specific situation or similar situation
ex: ______________________
Theories are changed and modified based on new
scientific evidence
c. ______________ = once a theory has been tested many
times over many years and is constantly proven correct
then it becomes a scientific law.
ex: ____________________

6. Chapter 2: The Biology Laboratory
What we use and how we use it!

7. A. Scientific Method / Inquiry
1. Defining the _________________
What are you testing on what?
ex: What is the _______ of ________ on ___________?
2. Formulating a Hypothesis
“_______________” statement
ex: If ______ is given to a student, then their _________
will increase
If the independent variable is changed,
then the dependant variable will change
Remember the hypothesis _________ have to be correct – many great scientific discoveries have been made because the hypothesis was incorrect.
What is important is that you write the hypothesis in the correct format.
DO NOT use the words ______________________.

8. 3. Testing the Hypothesis, Experimentation
a. Independent Variable
The __________________ is the factor that the experimenter
changes to see an effect
b. Dependant Variable
The _________________ is the factor that is affected by the
independent variable
c. Control
The _______________ is the experimental setup without the
_________________________________________________
d. Control Factors
Control factors are other variable that are ______________
e. Reproducible Procedure
To have a valid experiment the steps of the procedure have
to be _______________________

9. ex: What is the effect of sugar on heart rate?
a. Independent Variable
____________________________
b. Dependant Variable
c. Control
d. Control Factors
_________________________________________________
e. Reproducible Procedure
__________________________________________
etc.

10. 4. Observing and Measuring
Observations are the data collect while doing the experiment
Making graphs and charts to organize your data
5. Analyzing and Drawing Conclusion
Inference are the ideas and reasoning based on the
observation
Conclusions relate back to the hypothesis to explain either
why it happened or why it did not happen
6. Theories and Laws
Every experiment can be made better by repeated testing or
increasing the sample size
With years of repeated testing with similar results theories and
eventually laws can be developed

11. B. Measurements
1. SI Units = ______________________________
We use the metric system because it is based on _______
Converting units is much easier because all you have to do is
move the decimal point.
a. ___________ – meter, centimeter, millimeter, micrometer
1 meter = 100 centimeters
1 centimeter = 10 millimeters
1 millimeter = 1000 micrometers
b. _________ – grams, kilograms
c. ___________ – milliliters, liters, cubic centimeter (cc)
d. ____________ - Celsius

13. 2. Graphing
Graphing makes a picture of the data
Graphing makes it easier to interpret the data and see general
trends
Making Graphs:
1. Label the axes.
The x-axis should be labeled with the independent variable
The y-axis should be labeled with the dependant variable.
2. Scale both axes. Each box has to represent the same amount. Start at zero and count by 2s, 5s, or even 10s. DON’T UST PUT THE NUMBERS THEY GIVE YOU!
3. Plot your points. Circle the points. Connect the points.
4. Title your graph.
5. Answer any questions based upon the graph.

14. Amount of Estrogen added to the Diet (grams)
Average Number of Eggs Laid 4 5 6 10 15 7 20 8 25 30 1

23. C. Equipment
1. Compound Light Microscopes
a. ____________
b. ____________ lenses
c. ____________
d. ____________
e. ____________
f. Mirror / Illuminator, Body,
Stage, Base
g. __________________
Total Mag = Ocular Mag x Objective Mag = 10 x 40 = 400
h. Resolution
Resolution is the ability to distinguish between 2 different
items

24. 2. Other Types of Microscopes
a. ____________ - 1 lens = magnifying lens
b. ____________ - use both eyes, 3D image, used for
micro-dissections
c. ___________________ – extremely high magnification and
resolution

25. 3. _____________
Centrifuges separate materials based on density by spinning
very rapidly
4. ______________
Tissue culture is the growth of cells in the lab

26. 5. ________________
Chromatography is the separation of pigments (colors) in a
sample

27. 5. ________________
Gel electrophoresis is the separation of DNA pieces using
electricity.
It make a DNA fingerprint  specific pattern