1. The Bigger Picture: Nazi Domestic Policies 1933-39 Germany 1918-39
The Weimar Republic
Hitler and the Nazi Party
The Nazi Dictatorship
Nazi Domestic Policies
Young people
Women
Employment and the Standard of Living
Minorities

2. Nazi Policies and Young People
The young were seen as the future of the Third Reich so were an important target for the Nazis in ensuring the future of Germany under Nazi rule

3. Nazi Policies and Young People
Education
The Curriculum was changed in order to suit the aims of the Nazis
Emphasis on Race Studies, Physical Education and preparing for the army (boys) and motherhood (girls)
Girls studied Domestic Science to gain knowledge of how to cook and clean
Race Studies taught how to identify a Jewish person, and what made the ideal Aryan race
Religious schools were closed down or forced to glorify Hitler rather than God
Students were taught to worship Hitler and he was portrayed as a saviour of the German nation

4. Nazi Policies and Young People
Youth Groups
When the Nazis came to power in 1933 other youth groups were forcibly merged into the Hitler Youth and by the end of 1933 membership stood at just over 2 million. In December 1936, membership of the Hitler Youth became compulsory.
There were separate Hitler Youth groups for boys and girls:
Boys aged years joined the Little Fellows (Pimpf). They did mainly outdoor sports type activities such as hiking, rambling and camping.
Boys aged years joined the German Young People (Deutsche Jungvolk). They still did sporting activities but these had a more military emphasis such as parading and marching as well as map reading. They also learnt about Nazi views on racial purity and anti-semitism.
Boys aged years joined the Hitler Youth (Hitler Jugend). They were prepared to be soldiers by doing military activities.
Girls aged years joined the Young Maidens (Jungmadel) where they were taught good health practices as well as how to become good mothers and housewives. They also learnt about Nazi views on racial purity and anti-semitism.
Girls aged joined the League of German Maidens (Deutscher Madel) where they were further prepared for their roles as the mother of future Germans.

5. Nazi Policies and Young People
Youth Opposition to Nazism
The Swing Movement
Middle-class teenagers
Listened to English and American songs
Dances like the ‘jitterbug’
Talked about sex!
Nazis issued handbooks of how to identify these people
The White Rose Resistance Group
Led by Sophie Scholl and her brothers
Passive-resistance to the Nazis
She spread the anti-war messages through distribution of leaflets at the University of Munich
She and her brothers were executed by Guillotine
The Edelweiss Pirates

6. Source A
A daily timetable for a girls school in Nazi Germany.
8.00 – German (every day)
8.50 – Geography, History or Singing (alternate days)
9.40 – Race Studies and Ideology (every day)
10.25 – Recess, Sports and Special Announcements (every day)
11.00 – Domestic Science or Maths (alternate days)
12.10 – Eugenics or Health Biology (alternate days)
– Sport
Evenings – Sex Education, Ideology or Domestic Science (one evening each)
Source B
Hitler speaking in 1939
‘It is my great educative work I am beginning with the young. We older ones are used up... We are bearing the burden of a humiliating past... But my magnificent youngsters! Are there finer ones in the world? Look at these young men and boys! What material! With them I can make a new world.’
Source B
Photograph of the Hitler Youth. From a very early age children were encouraged to join.
Source D
From a Nazi anti-Semitic children's book, ‘Der Giftpilz’ (The Toadstoad) published by executed Nazi war criminal, Julius Streicher, shows a student "identifying" to his  teacher & peers "Jewish charactertistics" such as a nose shaped like a "6.“
Source E
Henrik Metelmann describes what it was like to be a member of the Hitler Youth in the 1930s.
‘It was a great feeling. You felt you belonged to a great nation again. Germany was in safe hands and I was going to help build a strong Germany. But my father of course felt differently about it. He warned ‘Now Henrik, don’t say to them what I’m saying to you.’ I always argued with my father as I was very much in favour of the Hitler regime which was against his background as a working man.’
Source F
A German Newspaper, heavily controlled by the Nazis, approves of the curriculum in 1939.
All subjects – German language, History, Geography, Chemistry, Mathematics – must concentrate on military subjects, the glorification of military service and of German heroes and leaders and the strength of a re-built Germany. Chemistry will develop a knowledge of chemical ware fare, explosives, etc. While Mathematics will help the young understand artillery, calculations, ballistics.

7. The Bigger Picture: Nazi Domestic Policies 1933-39 Germany 1918-39
The Weimar Republic
Hitler and the Nazi Party
The Nazi Dictatorship
Nazi Domestic Policies
Young people
Women
Employment and the Standard of Living
Minorities

8. The Nazi Policies and Women
The Nazis were a very male-dominated organisation – all Nazi leaders were men
Hitler had very traditional views of the role of women as wife and mother
He believed the K’s ‘Kinder, Küche, Kirche’ (Children, Kitchen, Church) were a woman's mission in life

9. Education
Girls from the age of ten joined the Jungmadel (Hitler Youth).
From fourteen they entered the Bund Deutscher Madel (German Girls' League).
They were taught their role was as a good wife and mother and their place was in the home.- the 3 Ks: kinder, kuche, kirche (Children, Cooking, Church)
They did have opportunities for outdoor activities such as camping, and some women got the chance to travel

10. Marriage
Law for the Encouragement of Marriage - which gave newly weds a government loan so that wives could leave their jobs and have children.
Married professional women were forced to give up their jobs and stay at home.
1934 – The Nazi Ten Commandments – Women are encouraged to marry pure German men and have lots of children
1935 – Marriages between pure Germans and Jews are forbidden as part of the Nuremberg Laws

11. Employment Women were expected to be home-makers, wives and mothers
1934 – Lots of women dismissed from professions, including doctors, civil servants, and teachers
Discrimination against women applicants for jobs was encouraged
By the end of the 1930s the Nazis did encourage some women to work to help the war effort but women had to struggle with family demands whilst doing this
However, even when there was a struggle to cope with war supplies women were still not allowed to serve in the armed forces

12. Breeding Programme
The Nazis believed women had biological purpose – to have children
On Hitler’s mothers birthday, medals for women who had more than 4 children were awarded
Women received a ‘Gold Cross’ for having 8 children and were given a privileged seat at Nazi meetings – although they never had any say in the meetings
Lebensborn programme set up to encourage unmarried women to have children out of wedlock if it was with a racially pure SS officer
Banned contraception and abortion
By 1939, there was a slight increase in the birth rate, as well as more births outside of marriages

13. Physical Constraints
Not allowed to wear make-up, have hair dyed or have perms
Only to wear flat shoes and no trousers allowed
No slimming as thought unhealthy and would upset child-bearing
No smoking allowed as seen as 'un-German‘
Long hair or put in bun or plaits
They were also encouraged to keep fit and healthy

14. The Bigger Picture: Nazi Domestic Policies 1933-39 Germany 1918-39
The Weimar Republic
Hitler and the Nazi Party
The Nazi Dictatorship
Nazi Domestic Policies
Young people
Women
Employment and the Standard of Living
Minorities

15. Employment and the Standard of Living
Improved
Conscription
Autobahns
The German Labour Front
Public work programmes
Strength through joy (KDF)
People’s car
German Labour Front (DAF)
Contracts for big businesses
Volksgemeinshaft
Reich Food Estate
Increase in jobs
Did not Improve
Controlling
Indoctrination / brainwashing
Persecution of minorities
Women taken out of jobs
Strict rules
Concentration camps
Not everybody agreed
No freedom
No political choice
State before individual

16. The Bigger Picture: Nazi Domestic Policies 1933-39 Germany 1918-39
The Weimar Republic
Hitler and the Nazi Party
The Nazi Dictatorship
Nazi Domestic Policies
Young people
Women
Employment and the Standard of Living
Minorities

17. Minorities Disabled people
The targeting of disabled people in Nazi Germany was referred to as the ‘Euthanasia Programme’
Between , at least 72,000 mentally ill patients were euthanized before a public outcry ended it
Thousands of disabled babies and children were also killed be fatal injection
Over 300,000 men and women were compulsory sterilised

18. Minorities Gypsies and ‘Asocials’
The extermination of gypsies and asocials did not cause an outcry
5 out of 6 gypsies living in Germany in 1939 were killed by the Nazis
Asocials – homosexuals, alcoholics, homeless people, prostitutes, habitual criminals and beggars were rounded up off the streets and sent to concentration camps

19. The Nuremberg Laws Source A
They were passed by the Nazis in 1935, and took away citizenship from German Jews
Jews were also forbidden to marry, or have sexual relations with, non-Jews
Gradually the laws were added to and took away any civil rights of a Jew
Jewish children were not allowed to go to school, or play with non-Jews, they were not allowed to own a bike or radio
Jewish people were not allowed to own businesses , or go university
Goebbels targeted them through propaganda
Source A
A Nazi poster against the Jews claims ‘He is guilty for the war!’
Source C
A German woman being chastised for having a Jewish boyfriend by the SS in 1933
Source B
A chart explaining the Jewish blood line
Ghetto

20. The laws passed against the Jews included:
Source D
A German newspaper article titled ‘Who is the enemy?’ blames the Jews for destroying social order and claims the Jews want war
Source E
The laws passed against the Jews included:
April Jews are not allowed to be members of sports clubs
Jan Jewish people must hand in their bikes and radios
Nov Jewish children can only play with other Jewish children and no-one else
Nov Jewish people are not allowed to attend the cinema
Apr Jewish people can be thrown out of their homes at any time
Sept Jews must be at home from 8pm in the winter and 9pm in the summer
July Jewish people are not allowed to use telephones
Sept Jewish people over 6 years of age must wear a yellow star
May Jewish people may not keep pets
June Jewish children are not allowed to go to school

21. Kristallnacht Source A Jewish people being escorted from their home
Stands for ‘The Night of the Broken Glass’
In November a young Jew killed a German diplomat in Paris and the Nazis used this as an excuse to launch a violent revenge on the Nazis
SS officer, who were out of uniform, were issued with pickaxes and hammers and the addresses of Jewish businesses
They smashed up Jewish shops and workplaces, and burnt down hundreds of synagogues
91 Jews were murdered, 20,000 were taken to concentration camps and many more left the country before it was too late
Source A
Jewish people being escorted from their home
Source C
A Jewish synagogue on fire during Kristallnacht
Source B
A destroyed Jewish shop
Ghetto

22. From a modern history website
Source D
From a modern history website
After Goebbels speech, the assembled regional Party leaders issued instructions to their local offices. Violence began to erupt in various parts of the Reich throughout the late evening and early morning hours of November 9–10. At 1:20 a.m. on November 10, Reinhard Heydrich, in his capacity as head of the Security Police (Sicherheitspolizei) sent an urgent telegram to headquarters and stations of the State Police and to SA leaders in their various districts, which contained directives regarding the riots. SA and Hitler Youth units throughout Germany and its annexed territories engaged in the destruction of Jewish-owned homes and businesses; members of many units wore civilian clothes to support the fiction that the disturbances were expressions of 'outraged public reaction.'
Source E
The front page of the New York Times, following Kristallnacht
Ghetto

23. Ghettos
Jewish people would be moved to special sealed off areas in cities called ghettos
They would be taken from their homes at any point, and be expected to leave most of their belongings behind
Able bodied Jews were used for work in the ghettos, but the old and the young were left to suffer in the horrendous conditions
Food, water and supplies were poorly available, and there was huge overcrowding, resulting in the death of many Jews in the ghettos
Source A
From a diary by Abraham Lewin, who was in the Warsaw Ghetto. Sunday 26 July 1942.
‘The “ Action” continues. The buildings at Nowolipie Street are surrounded. Shouts and screams. Outside my window they are checking papers and arresting people. Human life is dependant on some little piece of paper. It is really enough to drive you insane.’
Source C
A survivor remembers her first days in a ghetto in Vilna, Poland.
‘As we entered, we were directed to a house that would have been occupied by a family of four to six people under normal conditions. Now 25 to 30 of us were crammed in. Everybody was searching for a place to sleep. I was lucky. My mother found an empty space under a table and that became my bed. Going to the synagogue, praying and studying about our religion were absolutely forbidden. The Germans wanted to break the Jewish spirit and morale.’
Source B
A map showing the Warsaw Ghetto
Ghetto

24. Photographs of the conditions of the ghettos
Sources D, E and F
Photographs of the conditions of the ghettos
Ghetto

25. The Final Solution Source A
The gates of Auchwitz death camp. The sign reads ‘Work will set you free’.
The Final Solution
Special SS units called the Einstatzgruppen were ordered to stage mass killings of the Jewish people – they rounded thousands of them up, got them to dig their own graves, then shot their victims
At the Wannsee Conference in 1942, the Nazis decided on a more ‘efficient’ way of murdering the Jewish population (they thought the bullets used in the shootings were costing too much money)
They decided to set up Death Camps, such as the one at Auschwitz, were up to 200 people at once could be killed in the gas chambers followed by the burning of the bodies
On arrival a person was either kept for work or sent straight to the gas chambers
Over 6 millions Jews were put to death in these camps, as well as over 5 million over undesirables
Source B
Pincus, an Auschwitz inmate talks about his experience from the camp
When we left the ghetto, they put us on cattle trains. They packed 100 to 120 people into a sealed car. There was no food on the train. Fortunately it took us only about two days to get to the concentration camp. Train from places farther east or south, like Greece, sometimes took ten days. Many of the people on these trains did not survive the trip.
When we got to Auschwitz, we had to undress completely and line up before the gate. We had to line up in fives. A Nazi officer was pointing left, right, right, left. I was fortunate. I went to the right. The ones to the left went to the crematorium. The ones to the right went into the camp.

26. The crematorium at Auschwitz death camp
Source C
The Einstatzgruppen targeting Jewish victims who dig their own graves before being shot
Source D
A document issued at the Wannsee Conference showing the population of the Jews in Europe that the Nazis intend to exterminate, including that of England
Source E
The crematorium at Auschwitz death camp

27. Past Paper Questions 6-mark Questions
Describe the key features of the Nazi Governments policies towards the young in the years (June 2010)
Describe the key features of the Nazi Governments policies towards the women in the years (June 2014?)

28. Past Paper Questions 8-mark Questions - Effect
Explain the effects of Nazi policies towards the Jews (Jan 2012)
Explain the effects of Nazi policies towards women. (Jun 2013)
Explain the effects of the Nazi policies towards young people. (Jun 2014?)

29. Past Paper Questions 8-mark Questions - Cause
Explain why Hitler persecuted the Jews and other minorities in the years (Jan 2010)
Explain why Hitler targeted the young in the years (Jun 2014?)

30. Past Paper Questions 8-mark Questions – Change
Explain how the Nuremberg Laws changed the lives of Jews in Germany (Jan 2011)
Explain how the position of young people changed in the years (Jan 2010)
Explain how the position of Jews changed in the years (Jun 2010)
Explain how the standard of living in Germany changed in the years (Jun 2011)
Explain how the Nazi government changed the lives of children in Germany. (Jun 2013)

31. Past Paper Questions 16-mark Questions
Was rearmament the most important reason why people supported the Nazi Party in the years 1933–39? (Jan 2011)
Was rearmament the policy which had the greatest impact on German economic problems in the years 1933–39? Explain your answer. (Jan 2013)
Was the impact of Nazi policies in the years 1933–39 greatest on education? Explain your answer. (Jan 2013)