1. Industrialization and Immigration

2. Industry and Mechanization
Standard parts
Mass production
Routine labor
Low wages
Technology

3. Child Labor Factory hours were long and rarely paid much
Often all members of a family would have to work including very young children
Shifts were usually 10 to 14 hours and the children were paid around 30 to 75 cents a day
Many children were injured at work, losing limbs or contracting disease

4. Newsies

5. Factory Workers

6. Boy Coal Miners

7. Boy Coal Miners

8. Coal Shifters

9. Bowling Pin Setters

10. Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
A fire broke out in a shirt factory where women worked
Factory managers would lock the doors to keep the women from going out on breaks
Someone put a cigarette in a trash can where it caught on fire and burned down the whole building
Women jumped to their deaths rather than burn

12. Corporations Andrew Carnegie -$310 Bil U.S. Steel (1870s)
John D. Rockefeller -$340 Bil Standard Oil (1880s)
J.P. Morgan -$38 Bil
Finance, Railroad,
U.S. Steel (1900s)

13. Standard Oil

14. Railroad 1870s

15. Railroad 1890s

16. Social Darwinism and Laissez Faire
Theory of capitalism
“Free markets” = no government
intervention
Consumer demand
Competition creates innovation
and keeps prices low

17. Muckrakers Upton Sinclair was an author who wrote the book The Jungle
The purpose of The Jungle was to show Americans the terrible working conditions of the workers in the meat packaging plants
“I aimed at the public’s heart, and by accident I hit it in the stomach”
This kind of writing became known as “muckraking”

18. Inventions Bessemer Process – creates stronger steel
Pressure sealed tin cans
Alternating currents – Nikola Tesla
Technology begins to replace workers

20. Urbanization Manufacturing brought people into the cities
Industrialization = Growth in cities
Technological advances: sewage, elevators, piped water, electricity, subways, electric streetcar (1888)

21. City Life Fast growing Few social services or regulations
Tenement buildings – horrible living conditions
Ethnically organized – usually by areas of town or neighborhoods

22. Tenement Housing

23. Immigration Why did people leave their homes?
What were the costs and benefits of moving?

24. Ellis Island
By 1892, most immigrants were screened and processed at Ellis Island
By 1900, 50% of immigrants were from Eastern and Southern Europe

25. Angel Island

26. Industrialization Immigration

27. Why did they come to the U.S.?
Political and religious freedom
Better economic opportunities
Gold Rush
Encouraging letters from relatives
U.S. Government advertisements
U.S. business recruitment

28. American Protective Association
Americans formed groups to opposed the “immigrant threat”
Supported laws to restrict certain groups of immigrants.
Immigrant groups: Chinese, Central and Southern Europeans.
Why did Old Immigrants resent New Immigrants?
“inferior stocks”
Plot by European governments to unload their prisoners and mentally ill.
Chinese worked for 5 years and left the U.S. with U.S. money
Labor Unions hated immigrants because employers would hire “scab” labor to replace workers if they had a “Labor Strike”
US Govt. restricts immigration with the following:
Chinese Exclusion Act and Ellis Island

31. Chinese Exclusion Act
Resentment and discrimination against the Chinese.
First law to restrict immigration.
Taking away jobs from Nativists
Chinese Exclusion Act 1

33. Chinese Exclusion Act
President Hayes vetoed this act and Congress would override it.
He would not be re-elected.
Chinese immigration would be outlawed until the 1920’s.

34. Immigration and National Culture
Between 1870 – 1910 = 20 million immigrants came to America
Bringing with them new cultures (foods, religions, traditions, languages, etc.)
Assimilation: We wanted immigrants to forget their old way of life and become AMERICANS.
We even offered Americanization schools teaching English and American Culture

35. Nativism

38. Closure Give 3 examples of Industrialization and Mechanization.
Who were the big three corporate leaders? What were they each the leader of?
What effect did industrialization have on cities?
What were the two ports immigrants came through?
What is assimilation?
Write a paragraph explaining the Nativist political cartoon.