1. Structure and Function
Biology Partnership
(A Teacher Quality Grant)
Plants
Classification &
Structure and Function
January 25, 2014
Nancy Dow
Jill Hansen
Tammy Stundon
1-4 Nancy
9:00 – 9:05
Things to get
Fisher Scientific S06699 Dicot Flower Model
Carolina Altay Dicot Leaf Model
Flower to dissect
Microscopes: slides & coverslips
Plant like: Coleus to look at Stomata
Lamination paper
Glue sticks for foldable
Gulf Coast State College
Panhandle Area Educational Consortium
5230 West Highway 98
753 West Boulevard
Panama City, Florida 32401
Chipley, Florida 32428

2. What makes flowering plants so special?
Pre-test
Q and A board
What is vascular tissue?
How are plants classified?
1-4 Nancy
9:00 – 9:05
What makes flowering plants so special?

3. Florida Next Generation Sunshine State Standards
SC.912.L.14.7 Relate the structure of each of the major plant organs and tissues to physiological processes.
Benchmark Clarifications
Students will explain how the structures of plant tissues and organs are directly related to their roles in physiological processes.
1-4 Nancy
9:00 – 9:05

4. Item Specs Content Limits
Items will assess the function of plant tissues and organs in the context of physiological processes.
Items will not assess specific functions of structures within organs and tissues in isolation.
Items assessing plant organs are limited to roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and cones.
Items referring to physiological processes are limited to photosynthesis, cellular respiration, transpiration, growth, and reproduction.
Items assessing plant tissues are limited to meristematic, ground, dermal, and vascular tissues.
Items referring to plant structures are limited to cambium, guard cells, phloem, root hairs, root cap, seed, stomata, xylem, stamen, pistil, ovary, petals, sperm, egg, sepal, filament, anther, style, and stigma.
Items will not address or assess mitosis or meiosis.
1-4 Nancy
9:00 – 9:05

5. Vimeo Introduction to Plants
Introduction of Plants
Frank Gregorio See more of my videos at my channel: vimeo.com/channels/ Subscribe to his channel for other video trailers in Biology, Earth Science and Astronomy. He will be releasing new ones periodically.

6. Plant Classification Carousel Activity 5 Nancy 9:05 – 9:25 Nancy –
Participants will use iPad to scan QR codes for different presentations of the four divisions of plants to complete a graphic organizer.
&pid=15.1

7. Monocot vs. Dicot Jigsaw activity
Slide 5
9:25-9:45 Nancy

8. 10 minutes!! Don’t be late! 9:45-9:55

9. Plants have specialized cells and tissue systems.
Meristematic cells- undifferentiated plant cells that can divide and differentiate to form specialized cells.
give rise to all three fundamental mature cell types.
Slides 8-20
Nancy 9:55-10:05
It might not be completely obvious, but study of the diagram above will reveal that some cells are long and thin, some cells have thin walls and others have thick walls, and some cells are alive and others are dead!
Indeed dead cells can be useful to a multicellular organism. In humans, dead cells contribute the structure of hair shafts and nails. In plants dead cells provide stony protective layers in peach pits and the conductive elements of the xylem. Without the dead xylem elements, a plant would literally cook in the sun because it would lack the water from the xylem to efficiently cool the leaves by evaporation of that water. Without the dead xylem to bring minerals up with that water, plants would lack essential metal ions from the soil. These soil minerals include calcium, magnesium, iron, and zinc. Our food would lack some of its essential nutrition were it not for these dead cells in plants!

10. Plant tissues are made of three basic cell types.
Parenchyma cells are the most common plant cell type.
store starch, oils and water
help heal wounds to the plant
have thin flexible walls
Slides 8-20
Nancy 9:55-10:05
FL Biology Holt McDougal 2012

11. they are strong and flexible.
Collenchyma cells provide support to a growing plant.
they are strong and flexible.
celery strings are strands of collenchyma.
they have unevenly thick cell walls.
Slides 8-20
Nancy 9:55-10:05
FL Biology Holt McDougal 2012

12. second cell wall hardened by lignin die when they reach maturity
Sclerenchyma cells are the strongest plant cell type.
second cell wall hardened by lignin
die when they reach maturity
used by humans to make linen and rope
Slides 8-20
Nancy 9:55-10:05
FL Biology Holt McDougal 2012

13. Types of plant cells Slides 8-20 Nancy 9:55-10:05

14. Plant organs are made of three tissue systems.
Dermal tissue covers the outside of a plant.
protects the plant
secretes cuticle of leaves
forms outer bark of trees
stem
leaf
root
Slides 8-20
Nancy 9:55-10:05
FL Biology Holt McDougal 2012

15. stores materials in roots and stems Make up most of the inside
Ground tissue is found inside a plant.
provides support
stores materials in roots and
stems
Make up most of the inside
of a plant
stem
leaf
root
Slides 8-20
Nancy 9:55-10:05
Which type of tissue makes up most of the inside of a plant?
a.Dermal
b.Ground
c.Vascular
d.Phloem
Holt McDougal 2012 FL Exam View
FL Biology Holt McDougal 2012

16. two networks of hollow tubes xylem transports water and minerals (WXY)
Vascular tissue transports water, minerals and organic compounds.
stem
leaf
root
two networks of hollow tubes
xylem transports water and minerals (WXY)
phloem transports photosynthetic products
Slides 8-20
Nancy 9:55-10:05
FL Biology Holt McDougal 2012
WXY – water travels through the xylem
Phloem – food
What tissue is correctly paired with its function?
a.Dermal tissue – transports sugars
b.Phloem – store materials in roots and stems
c.Ground tissue – protection
d.Xylem – transports water
Teacher -made

17. Water and dissolved minerals move through xylem.
The Vascular System
Water and dissolved minerals move through xylem.
Xylem contains specialized cells.
xylem cells die at maturity
vessel
element
tracheid
Slides 8-20
Nancy 9:55-10:05
The function of the vascular tissue is to
a.secrete a substance that becomes the cuticle.
b.cover the outside of a plant and protect it.
c.provide support and supply materials.
d.transport water and nutrients to all parts of the plant.
Holt McDougal 2012 FL Exam View
FL Biology Holt McDougal 2012

18. Plants passively transport water through the xylem.
The Vascular System
The cohesion-tension theory explains water movement.
Plants passively transport water through the xylem.
Cohesion is the tendency of water molecules to bond with each other.
Adhesion is the tendency of water molecules to bond with other substances.
Slides 8-20
Nancy 9:55-10:05
FL Biology Holt McDougal 2012

19. absorption occurs at roots through osmosis
The Vascular System
Water travels from roots to the top of trees.
absorption occurs at roots through osmosis
cohesion and adhesion in xylem
transpiration at leaves
Slides 8-20
Nancy 9:55-10:05
Transpiration lowers the pressure in the leaf xylem, creating a vacuum that
a.forces water out of leaves.
b.pulls water upward.
c.attracts water to the xylem wall.
d.moves water into the phloem.
Holt McDougal 2012 FL Exam View
FL Biology Holt McDougal 2012

20. water vapor exits leaf stomata helps pull water to the top branches
The Vascular System
Transpiration is the loss of water vapor through leaves.
water vapor exits leaf stomata
helps pull water to the top branches
Major force creates a vacuum that pulls water up.
Slides 8-20
Nancy 9:55-10:05
FL Biology Holt McDougal 2012

21. Phloem carries sugars from photosynthesis throughout the plant.
The Vascular System
Phloem carries sugars from photosynthesis throughout the plant.
Phloem contains specialized cells.
unlike xylem, phloem tissue is alive
Source: Chloroplast in leaves
Sugar is pumped into phloem and water flows into phloem through osmosis.
Sink: roots, leaves and stems, fruits and tubers
Slides 8-20
Nancy 9:55-10:05
FL Biology Holt McDougal 2012

22. Plant Organs: Roots, Stems and Leaves
KEY CONCEPT Roots and stems form the support system of vascular plants. Leaves absorb light and carry out photosynthesis.
21-35 Jill
FL Biology Holt McDougal 2012

23. Parts of Plants foldable
Slides 21-30
Jill 10:05—10:15

24. Roots anchor plants and absorb mineral nutrients and water from soil.
Roots and Stems
Roots anchor plants and absorb mineral nutrients and water from soil.
Roots provide many functions.
support the plant
absorb, transport, and store nutrients
root hairs tiny extensions of dermal cells that absorb water through osmosis
Meristem - composed of rapidly multiplying cells.
Root cap - envelope that protects the root as it pushes through the soil.
Slides 21-30
Jill 10:05—10:15
What part of a plant functions as an anchor and as an absorption and storage unit?
a.Flower
b.Leaf
c.Root
d.Stem
Holt McDougal 2012 FL Exam View

25. Fibrous root systems have fine branches.
Roots, Stems and Leaves
There are two main types of roots.
Fibrous root systems have fine branches.
Taproot systems have one main root.
Slides 21-30
Jill 10:05—10:15

26. Stems support plants, transport materials, and provide storage.
Roots and Stems
Stems support plants, transport materials, and provide storage.
Stems have many functions.
support leaves and flowers
house most of the vascular system
store water
Baobab trees
Cactus
Slides 21-30
Jill 10:05—10:15
FL Biology Holt McDougal 2012

27. Stems support plants, transport materials, and provide storage.
Roots and Stems
Stems support plants, transport materials, and provide storage.
Stems have many functions.
support leaves and flowers
house most of the vascular system
store water
grow underground for storage
Ginger rhizomes
Potato tubers
Slides 21-30
Jill 10:05—10:15
FL Biology Holt McDougal 2012

28. Stems support plants, transport materials, and provide storage.
Roots and Stems
Stems support plants, transport materials, and provide storage.
Stems have many functions.
support leaves and flowers
house most of the vascular system
store water
grow underground for storage
form new plants
Slides 21-30
Jill 10:05—10:15 Jill 10:05—10:15
FL Biology Holt McDougal 2012
Strawberry stolons

29. Meristematic tissue
Areas within the plant that are capable of growth (cell division) are called meristems.
Primary Growth
Primary growth occurs only at the shoot and root tips in areas called apical meristems.
Secondary Growth
Lateral meristems produce new cells that make the stems and roots thicker.
There are two kinds of lateral meristems, the vascular cambium and the cork cambium. These lateral meristems form as rings within the plant body as the stem increases in thickness.
Slides 21-30
Jill 10:05—10:15
Plant cells that are specialized for cell division are most likely found in what part of the plant?
a.root tips
b.leaf epidermis
c.stem epidermis
d.vascular tissue

30. Roots and Stems Some stems are herbaceous and conduct photosynthesis.
Some stems can be woody, and form protective bark.
Slides 21-30
Jill 10:05—10:15 FL Biology Holt McDougal 2012

31. Most leaves share some similar structures.
The blade is usually broad and flat.
Top of leaves are primarily for collecting sunlight for photosynthesis
Stomata are located on the underside of leaves and are for gas exchange and transpiration
Petiole- connects the leaf to the stem
blade
petiole
Slides 21-30
Jill 10:05—10:15 FL Biology Holt McDougal 2012
The upper surfaces of leaves are used mainly for
a.light gathering.
b.gas exchange.
c.collecting water.
d.protection from predators.

32. for aquatic environments, ex: water lily
Leaves
Leaves have many adaptations.
for extreme temperatures, ex: pine needles
for water loss, ex: cactus spines
for aquatic environments, ex: water lily
for getting food, ex: Venus’ flytrap
Slides 31-34
Jill 10:15-10:20
FL Biology Holt McDougal 2012

33. Mesophyll is between the leaf’s dermal tissue layers.
Leaves
Mesophyll is between the leaf’s dermal tissue layers.
cuticle
upper
epidermis
palisade mesophyll
spongy mesophyll
lower epidermis
Slides 31-34
Jill 10:15-10:20
FL Biology Holt McDougal 2012
Leaf coloring activity
What is the main function of leaves?
a.Leaves provide support for growth and a place to store food.
b.Leaves provide a place for photosynthesis to occur.
c.Leaves absorb water and minerals and transport nutrients to the stem.
d.Leaves create a barrier that prevents water in the plant's tissues from evaporating.
The diagram below shows a cross section of a plant leaf.
How does the structure marked X contribute to the survival of the plant?
a.It allows the intake of gases necessary for photosynthesis.
b.It allows the intake of minerals necessary for plant growth.
c.It allows the intake of sunlight necessary for ATP production.
d.It allows the intake of sugars necessary for plant reproduction.

34. Stomata open and close when guard cells change shape.
21.4 Leaves
Guard cells surround each stoma.
Stomata open and close when guard cells change shape.
When stomata are open, water evaporates and gas exchanges.
Stomata close at night and when plant loses too much water.
Slides 31-34
Jill 10:15-10:20
FL Biology Holt McDougal 2012
Which structure in the leaf controls the opening and closing of the stoma?
a.Cuticle
b.Epidermis
c.guard cell
d.spongy mesophyll
guard cells
stoma

35. Slides 31-34
Jill 10:15-10:20
Balloon demo
Terrestrial plants have stomata on the surface of their leaves. A single stomata is surrounded by two guard cells that change shape in response to environmental factors and open or close the stoma. Which of the following best explains how the structure of the leaf is used in processes that occur in plants?
Water enters the plant through the surface of the leaf for transpiration
Gases for photosynthesis are exchanged through the surface of the leaf.
Energy for cellular reproduction is absorbed through the surface of the leaf
Carbon Dioxide enters the plant through the surface of the leaf for cellular reproduction. d.

36. Stomata lab Slide 35 Jill 10:20-10:40

37. Domino Vocabulary Review
Slide 36
Nancy – 10:40-10:50- domino review can be done in the lab or classroom which ever is convenient.
Dominoes review and/ or help wanted activity

38. Reproduction in Flowering Plants
KEY CONCEPT Reproduction of flowering plants takes place within flowers.
Slide do in the classroom unless we stay in the lab (see what Nancy does for the domino review)
Tammy 10:50-11:00
FL Biology Holt McDougal 2012

39. Flower foldable Slide 37-43 Tammy 10:50-11:00

40. Flowers contain reproductive organs protected by specialized leaves.
Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Flowers contain reproductive organs protected by specialized leaves.
Petals are modified leaves.
Petals can help to attract animal pollinators
Colors are like neon lights on a landing strip
Slide 37-43
Tammy 10:50-11:00
Colorful fragrant flowers are most likely pollinated by
a.Animals
b.wind.
c.spores.
d.water.
Holt McDougal 2012 FL Exam View
FL Biology Holt McDougal 2012
petal

41. Sepal are modified leaves that protect the developing flower.
Slide 37-43
Tammy 10:50-11:00

42. A stamen is the male structure of the flower.
Reproduction in Flowering Plants
A stamen is the male structure of the flower.
Slide 37-43
Tammy 10:50-11:00
Which flower part is correctly paired with its function?
a.Sepal- protects the developing seed
b.Carpel - attracts animal pollinators
c.Petal- produces female gametophytes
d.Stamen- produces male gametophytes
Teacher -made
anther produces pollen grains
filament supports the anther

43. Reproduction in Flowering Plants
The innermost layer of a flower is the female pistil (carpel).
Slide 37-43
Tammy 10:50-11:00
The diagram below represents a flower, the reproductive structure of some plants. Most flowers
have both male and female structures for fertilization and reproduction.
Which structure is represented by the letter A in the diagram above?
a.the stamen, a male structure which produces pollen
b.the pistol, a female structure which collects pollen and passes it to the ovary
c.the sepal, a modified leaf used for protection of the flower
d.the petals, decorative structures which attract pollinators
stigma is sticky tip
style is tube leading from stigma to ovary
ovary produces female gametophyte

44. A single pistil consisting of several fused carpels (A) and several pistils each consisting of a single carpel (B)
Slide 37-43
Tammy 10:50-11:00
The different parts of the carpels may be fused. In many plant species, the ovaries of the carpels may be fused to form a single ovary and the styles may be fused to form a single style, thus the plant has a single pistil consisting of several fused carpels.  Other combinations of fused parts of the carpels are also possible e.g. only the styles may be fused.
A single pistil consisting of several fused carpels (A) and several pistils each consisting of a single carpel (B)
So , Pistil == All the carpels taken together
Pistil may be monocarpellary ( Only one carpel )  Or it may be polycarpellary ( Many carpels) 

45. Flower Dissection FLOWER STRUCTURE
Pollination begins when a pollen grain sticks to the stigma----which is sticky.
STAMEN
Male reproductive structure
ANTHER
Produces pollen
FILAMENT
Supporting stalk
CARPEL
Female reproductive
structure
STIGMA
Sticky tip
STYLE
Elongated stalk
OVARY
Contains the ovules
Slide 44
Tammy 11:00-11:25
What is Life? A Guide to Biology – 2010 W.H. Freeman and Company
Flower Dissection

46. many flowering plants pollinated by animal pollinators
Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Animal pollinated flowers have larger flowers and less pollen.
many flowering plants pollinated by animal pollinators
pollen grains
Color patterns
Flower structure
Odor
Nectar
Slides 45-52
Tammy 11:25-11:30
FL Biology Holt McDougal 2012
Color patterns – white flowers – noctural pollinators; bright colored – bees, butterflies
Flower structure - TUBE: pollinators with long tongues, such as moths
Intricate/closed: pollinators such as bees
Odors -
Sweet: Pollinators with a good sense of smell, such as moths,
butterflies, and bees
Stinky: pollinators, such as flies, looking for rotten meat on
which to lay eggs (plants--- a scent like rotten meat).
No odor: Pollinators with a poor sense of smell, such as birds
Nectar-
Abundant: Pollinators with high energy needs, such as bees,
birds, and butterflies
No nectar: Pollinators, such as flies, looking for a place to
lay eggs, or such as beetles, looking for petals,
pollen, and other parts to eat
 co-evolution
pollination occurs as animal feeds from flower to flower
animal pollination more efficient than wind pollination

47. Fertilization takes place within the flower.
Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Fertilization takes place within the flower.
Male gametophytes, or pollen grains, are produced in the anthers.
One female gametophyte can form in each ovule of a flower’s ovary.
Slides 45-52
Tammy 11:25-11:30
FL Biology Holt McDougal 2012
pollen grain

48. Pollination occurs when a pollen grain lands on a stigma.
Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Pollination occurs when a pollen grain lands on a stigma.
pollen tube
sperm
stigma
Slides 45-52
Tammy 11:25-11:30 FL Biology Holt McDougal 2012
one cell from pollen grain forms pollen tube
other cell forms two sperm that travel down tube

49. Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Flowering plants go through the process of double fertilization.
female
gametophyte
ovule
egg
sperm
polar nuclei
Slides 45-52
Tammy 11:25-11:30
FL Biology Holt McDougal 2012
Double Fertilization

50. 22.2 Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Flowering plants go through the process of double fertilization.
endosperm
seed coat
embryo
one sperm fertilizes the egg
other sperm unites with polar nuclei, forming endosperm
endosperm provides food supply for embryo
The main purpose of the seed in plants that have them is to protect the and distribute the zygote
Slides 45-52
Tammy 11:25-11:30
What is the main purpose of seeds in plants that have them?
a.To protect and distribute the zygote.
b.To entice animals to eat the plant.
c.To be fertilized by other plants.
d.To store water for the mother plant.

51. Parts of the seed
Slides 45-52
Tammy 11:25-11:30
Voc and ID – but don’t forget the Why? Why seeds? Why is the seed plant the most successful plant…..
A cotyledon is a significant part of the embryo within the seed of a plant.
Upon germination, the cotyledon usually becomes the embryonic first leaves of a seedling.
Monocots have one cotyledon; Dicots have two cotyledons.

52. Each ovule becomes a seed.
Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Each ovule becomes a seed.
The surrounding ovary grows into a fruit.
Slides 45-52
Tammy 11:25-11:30
FL Biology Holt McDougal 2012

53. Parts of a fruit Tomato Peach Slides 45-52 Tammy 11:25-11:30

54. Quiz-Quiz-Trade Slide 53 Nancy 11:30-11:45

56. Websites Board Book Giveaway

57. Follow up
Q & A
Post Test
Nancy
Post test at 11:45