1. Islam

2. Arabian Peninsula--between Red Sea & Persian Gulf (Arabian Desert)
Bedouins—nomadic herders
Tribes—Everyone obeys rules=survival

4. Blood feuds
Mecca —important trading city
Kaaba (housed statues of many Arab gods)

6. Muhammad
Born in Mecca 570 AD
HONEST caravan leader
Married wealthy widow
Devoted time to reflecting on life

7. 610—Muhammad had revelations
Allah (Arabic word for God) told Muhammad to “Recite!”
Warned against idol worship & sin
Allah was one true god

8. Wealthy merchants feared Islam would stop tourism to Kaaba & threaten profit
Mecca’s merchants threatened Muslims

9. 622—Muhammad & Muslims fled from Mecca to Yathrib—Hijrah (flight)
City’s name changed to Medina
622—beginning of Muslim calendar

11. 624—Medina Compact
place loyalty to Islamic community over tribe

12. 630—Muhammad invaded Mecca
Muhammad destroyed idols in the Kaaba

13. Qur’an (Koran) which means “recital” is the Muslim holy book
Conversations between Muhammad & angel Gabriel

14. Qur’an Moral Values:
Honor their parents
Kindness to neighbors
Protect orphans & widows
Give generously to the poor
Murder, stealing, and lying, and adultery are condemned
Gambling, eating pork, & drinking alcohol are NOT ALLOWED
The Quran also has rules for divorce & marriage

15. 5 PILLARS OF ISLAM
1.) Faith
belief in Allah— 1 true God
2.) Prayer
5 times a day facing Mecca—sunrise, noon, afternoon, sunset, & evening (mosques have minarets, towers, where people made call to prayer)

18. 3.) Fasting
Occurs during month of Ramadan— 9th month in the Muslim calendar
4.) Alms giving
Charity
5.) Pilgrimage
Trip to Mecca
Called a hajj

20. Halal Word means lawful Refers to foods that are OK for Muslims to eat
Similar to Jewish “kosher” food
Mammals that both chew their cud and have cloven hooves can be kosher. Animals with one characteristic but not the other (the camel, the hyrax and the hare because they have no cloven hooves, and the pig because it does not ruminate) are specifically excluded (Leviticus 11:3–8)

21. Caliphs=Muhammad’s successors
632: Abu Bakr (Muhammad’s old friend) 1st caliph
634: Umar
Added Iraq, Syria, Jerusalem, & Egypt

22. What is jihad?
Struggle for Islam

23. 644: Ali (Muhammad’s son in law & cousin) lost caliph to Umayyad clan
Umayyad killed & Ali became caliph
CIVIL WAR
Ali’s forces vs. Umayyads
Ali KILLED & Mu’awiya made caliph starting Umayyad Dynasty

24. Sunni
Majority of world’s Muslims
Caliph can be any devout Muslim accepted by the people
Shiite (Shi’a)
Mostly in Iraq & Iran
Caliph should be descendant of Muhammad

25. Umayyad Dynasty
Carried Islam into India, China, North Africa, & Spain
Built Dome of the Rock

27. Muslims pushed into France
Battle of Tours 732 stopped spread of Islam into Western Europe

28. 747—non-Arab Muslims & Shiites overthrew Umayyads

29. Abbasid Dynasty 750 - 1258 Capital in Baghdad House of Wisdom Library
Greek & Indian texts translated into Arabic

30. 1055—Baghdad captured by Seljuk Turks
1100s—Christian soldiers (crusaders) from Europe in Holy War

31. 1258—Mongols invaded Baghdad & ended Abbasid Dynasty
Ottoman Turks help Arabs

32. Family Life
Men could have up to 4 wives
Wives treated equally
Women could only go out to mosque or market

33. Mathematics
Adopted Indian numbers, calling them Arabic numerals
Algebra

34. Astronomy & Geography
Astrolabe
Outlined map of Asia, Europe, & North Africa

36. Medicine
Al-Razi—diagnosed smallpox & measles
Ibn Sina wrote Canon of Medicine medical encyclopedia
Optics (study of sight)

37. Art
Arabic script to decorate mosques
Geometric designs, leaves, flowers

39. Literature
Arabian Nights “The Thousand and One Nights”