1. Egyptian Timeline Old Kingdom (2700-2150) Middle Kingdom (2040-1786)
New Kingdom ( )

2. Old Kingdom Theocracy Menes united Egypt
Came to an end with a Civil War
Hieroglyphics developed
Religion developed
Pyramids and Sphinx built

3. Middle Kingdom Extension of Egyptian control into Nubia Arts developed
Theocracy type government
Invaded by the Hyksos (invaders on horse)

4. New Kingdom Militaristic Hebrews enslaved Mummification perfected
Social and religious changes
Pharaoh had absolute power
Invasions prevention used all money in treasury

5. I. Desert Surrounded by desert with occasional oasis
Permits some trade
Defense from invasion
Contributes to feeling of safety
preserves artifacts 1 2 3 4 5 6

6. “Egypt is the gift of the Nile” -Herodotus1 2 3 4 5 6

7. 1 2 3 4 5 6

8. I. The Nile yearly flooding - no concern for soil depletion Encourages
Predictable
Irrigation systems
Encourages
Trade/protection/food
Communication
Political unity
4160 Miles long-empties in the Mediterranean Sea 1 2 3 4 5 6

9. I. The Nile 1 2 3 4 5 6

10. I. The Nile 1 2 3 4 5 6

11. I. The Nile

12. I. The Nile Impact on religion divided life - living and dying.
East (sunrise) is land of the living - cities, temples
West (sunset) is land of the dead – tombs
Burials are completed this way
***** How do we bury people today? 1 2 3 4 5 6

13. II. Religion Omnipresence of religion Polytheistic
interaction with the natural environment shows interrelated gods and goddesses yearly rebirth of Nile and daily rebirth of sun
over 2000 gods
Pharaoh as living god
Most important god was Amon-re or RA- the creator or sun god
Afterlife
Evolution of who has an afterlife
Old vs. New Kingdom 1 2 3 4 5 6

14. II. Osiris God of the Dead - “rebirth” - and the weighing of the heart
against a sacred feather
=eternal happiness or death
Evolution of Egyptian mythology
known as a ruler in the Nile delta -
a local god
regional god. 1 2 3 4 5 6

15. II. Horus Horus, god of balance and harmony
maintained the natural order: the flow of the Nile and the fertility of the soil. 1 2 3 4 5 6

16. Isis Wife and sister of Osiris and mother of Horus
Protector of children

17. Anubis God of the dead Supervises the embalming process
He shows the dead the way to the underworld
Weighted the souls of the dead to determine their fate in the afterlife

18. Anubis

19. Ra and Amon-Ra
During the New Kingdom the two gods were merged into one main god. Amon-Ra

20. Zozer’s stepped pyramid - similar to Babylonian ziggurats
II. Early Pyramids
Zozer’s stepped pyramid - similar to Babylonian ziggurats 1 2 3 4 5 6

21. Why build Pyramids? Belief in the afterlife demanded:
Bodies be interred whole
Material goods for use in afterlife be present
The need to protect the bodies demands good burial tombs
First were mastabas
Then pyramids
Then later… hidden tombs

22. II. Great Pyramid Tomb for Khufu
an almost perfect square (deviation .05%)
Orientation is exactly North, South, East West
2,300,000 blocks, 500ft high
20 years to build
Average block weighs 2.5 tons
Some weigh 9 tons! 1 2 3 4 5 6

23. 1 2 3 4 5 6

24. Pyramids of Menkaure, Khafre and Khufu
Queen Pyramids in front 1 2 3 4 5 6

25. 1 2 3 4 5 6

26. II. Mummies Not known when it started in Egypt
Perfected by time of New Kingdom
How to make a mummy: 70 steps
1) Removal of the brain through the nostrils 2) Removal of the intestines through an incision in the side 3) Sterilization of the body and intestines 4) Treating, cleaning, dehydrating the intestines 5) Packing the body with natron (a natural dehydrating agent) and leaving for 40 days 6) Removal of the natron agent 7) Packing the limbs with clay or sand 8) Packing the body with linen (soaked in resin), myrrh and cinnamon 9) Treating the body with ointments and finally wrapping with a fine linen gauze, not less than 1000 square yards . 1 2 3 4 5 6

27. Mummies

28. Canopic Jars made of alabaster for storage of heart, stomach, intestines and liver which were also treated 1 2 3 4 5 6

29. Mummy
Inner coffin 1 2 3 4 5 6

30. Second inner coffin lid1 2 3 4 5 6

31. Funerary Gifts
Gift bearers
Shawabti box
Model boat 1 2 3 4 5 6

32. 1 2 3 4 5 6

33. III. The Pharaoh “The Great House”
God-King -
Temporal power
owns all the land and people and what people posses
law vs. Pharaoh's will
irrigation
no city walls
Had absolute power 1 2 3 4 5 6

34. III. The Pharaoh God-King - Religious direct descendant of the Sun god
controls access to the afterlife
July-Sept, during floods life is controlled by the Pharaoh
365 day calendar. 1 2 3 4 5 6

35. Menes

36. Amenhotep III

37. Ramses II

38. King Tut

39. Hatshepsut

40. Nefertiti

41. Cleopatra VII

42. IV. Daily Life in Egypt
Cosmetics, cleanliness (bathe 3 times a day), shaved bodies, wigs
main food is beer and bread
Grow many crops: emmer, barley, flax, lentils, onion, beans, and millet
common building made of sun-dried mud bricks - up to three stories in height
Four social classes - slaves on the bottom
Most common job … farming 1 2 3 4 5 6

43. Women Could improve her status through marriage
Women had many legal rights such as property ownership

44. Achievements Lunar Calendar/365 day year/12 months
Number system based on 10
Used fractions and geometry

45. Farms Pharaoh owned ALL land
Peasants kept part of crops for themselves
Land was divided into large estates
Grew mostly wheat, barley, flax and cotton

46. IV. Farmers in Egypt 1 2 3 4 5 6

47. IV. Hieroglyphics Language is written without vowels
Pictographs were usually written on walls, slates or papyrus 1 2 3 4 5 6

48. IV. Hieroglyphics Use in temples Rosetta Stone Used for translations
1798
Demotic, Greek and
Hieroglyphics 1 2 3 4 5 6

49. Egyptian Farmers & animals
IV. Egyptian Artwork
Stela (carved stone)
Egyptian Farmers & animals
Notice, all people drawn from the side – even when looking right at you! 1 2 3 4 5 6

50. Old Kingdom 2680 BC-2180 BC Menes united Upper and Lower Egypt 2 classes- Peasants and farmers- Pharoah, scribes and government officials Ended with Civil Wars

51. V. Middle Kingdom BCE
End of civil wars, farming and trade return
move capital south to Upper Egypt (Thebes)
public improvements
drain swamps, canal to Red Sea
belief in afterlife expands to include common people
tombs instead of pyramids
better protection for mummies.
Hyksos introduce the chariot and invade Egypt
Weakened government 1 2 3 4 5 6

52. V. Middle Kingdom BCE 1 2 3 4 5 6

53. VI. New Kingdom BCE
Ahmose I expelled the invading Hyksos and reunited Egypt
Known as the Empire period
development of “public” and “private” zones at temples. 1 2 3 4 5 6

54. Ahmose I leading Egyptians against the Hyksos1 2 3 4 5 6

55. VI. New Kingdom BCE
Characterized by a more militaristic and imperialistic nature
incorporated chariot, bronze working, horses
development of a professional army
became a slave based economy fueled by war and expansion 1 2 3 4 5 6

56. VI. Threats to Tradition
Amenhotep IV (c B.C.) introduced the worship of Aton, god of the sun disk, as the chief god and pursued his worship with enthusiasm.
Changed name to Akhenaten (“It is well with Aton”)
He closed the temples of other gods and especially endeavored to lessen the power of Amon-Re and his priesthood at Thebes.
Unsuccessful change to traditional beliefs 1 2 3 4 5 6

57. VI. Threats to Tradition 1355-1335 BCE
Nefertiti
Wife of Akhenaton the only pharaoh to even partially reject polytheism
political move against priests of Amon-Re
moved capital to Amarna
worshipped Aton, the sun disk
royal inbreeding. 1 2 3 4 5 6

58. VI. Tutankhamen 1335-1325 BCE (King Tut) child ruler
ruled nine years, died at 18
young death meant burial in the tomb of a lesser person (noble) resulting in preservation 1 2 3 4 5 6

59. VI. Ramses II (1279-1213) greatest New Kingdom ruler
military leader of Egypt
expanded into southern Turkey
built many monuments to himself
last gasp of Egyptian power. 1 2 3 4 5 6

60. VI. Ramses II ( ) 1 2 3 4 5 6

61. VI. Ramses II ( ) 1 2 3 4 5 6

62. Ramses II 1st Peace treaty signed Kept Egypt together Called “Ramses the Great”

63. After Ramses II The following Pharaohs were weak and Egypt fell to invaders from the Mediterranean Sea. By 300 BC, Egyptian rule had come to an end