1. Egyptian Timeline Old Kingdom (2700-2150) Middle Kingdom (2040-1786)
Hieroglyphics and religion develop in Egypt
pyramids built
Middle Kingdom ( )
extension of Egyptian control into Nubia
New Kingdom ( )
militaristic - Hebrews enslaved
mummification perfected

2. Outline Geography Religion Government Daily Life Middle Kingdom
Gods
Pyramids
Mummies
Government
The Pharaoh
Daily Life
Middle Kingdom
New Kingdom 1 2 3 4 5 6

3. I. Geography River dominates Egyptian world/thought
Surrounded by desert with occasional oasis
Permits some trade
Defense from invasion
Contributes to feeling of safety
preserves artifacts 1 2 3 4 5 6

4. “Egypt is the gift of the Nile” -Herodotus1 2 3 4 5 6

5. 1 2 3 4 5 6

6. I. The Nile yearly flooding - no concern for soil depletion Encourages
Predictable
Irrigation systems
Encourages
Trade
Communication
Political unity 1 2 3 4 5 6

7. I. The Nile 1 2 3 4 5 6

8. I. The Nile 1 2 3 4 5 6

9. I. The Nile

10. I. The Nile Impact on religion divided life - living and dying.
East (sunrise) is land of the living - cities, temples
West (sunset) is land of the dead - tombs 1 2 3 4 5 6

11. II. Religion Omnipresence of religion Polytheistic
interaction with the natural environment shows interrelated gods and goddesses yearly rebirth of Nile and daily rebirth of sun
over 2000 gods
Pharaoh as living god
Afterlife
Evolution of who has an afterlife
Old vs. New Kingdom 1 2 3 4 5 6

12. II. Osiris God of the Dead - “rebirth” - and the weighing of the heart
Evolution of Egyptian mythology
known as a ruler in the Nile delta -
a local god
regional god. 1 2 3 4 5 6

13. II. Horus Horus, god of balance and harmony
maintained the natural order: the flow of the Nile and the fertility of the soil. 1 2 3 4 5 6

14. Zozer’s stepped pyramid - similar to Babylonian ziggurats
II. Early Pyramids
Zozer’s stepped pyramid - similar to Babylonian ziggurats 1 2 3 4 5 6

15. Why build Pyramids? Belief in the afterlife demanded:
Bodies be interred whole
Material goods for use in afterlife be present
The need to protect the bodies demands good burial tombs
First were mastabas
Then pyramids
Then later… hidden tombs

16. Mastaba

17. II. Great Pyramid Tomb for Khufu
an almost perfect square (deviation .05%)
Orientation is exactly North, South, East West
2,300,000 blocks, 500ft high
20 years to build
Average block weighs 2.5 tons
Some weigh 9 tons! 1 2 3 4 5 6

18. 1 2 3 4 5 6

20. 1 2 3 4 5 6

21. Pyramids of Menkaure, Khafre and Khufu
Queen Pyramids in front 1 2 3 4 5 6

22. 1 2 3 4 5 6

23. II. Mummies Not known when it started in Egypt
Perfected by time of New Kingdom
How to make a mummy: 70 steps
1) Removal of the brain through the nostrils 2) Removal of the intestines through an incision in the side 3) Sterilization of the body and intestines 4) Treating, cleaning, dehydrating the intestines 5) Packing the body with natron (a natural dehydrating agent) and leaving for 40 days 6) Removal of the natron agent 7) Packing the limbs with clay or sand 8) Packing the body with linen (soaked in resin), myrrh and cinnamon 9) Treating the body with ointments and finally wrapping with a fine linen gauze, not less than 1000 square yards . 1 2 3 4 5 6

24. Canopic Jars made of alabaster for storage of heart, stomach, intestines and liver which were also treated 1 2 3 4 5 6

25. Mummy
Inner coffin 1 2 3 4 5 6

26. Second inner coffin lid1 2 3 4 5 6

27. Funerary Gifts
Gift bearers
Shawabti box
Model boat 1 2 3 4 5 6

28. 1 2 3 4 5 6

29. III. The Pharaoh God-King - unlike Mesopotamia Temporal power
owns all the land and people and what people posses
law vs. Pharaoh's will
irrigation
no city walls 1 2 3 4 5 6

30. III. The Pharaoh God-King - unlike Mesopotamia Religious
direct descendant of the Sun god
controls access to the afterlife
July-Sept, during floods life is controlled by the Pharaoh
365 day calendar. 1 2 3 4 5 6

31. III. Role played by size in Egyptian Artwork1 2 3 4 5 6

32. IV. Daily Life in Egypt
Cosmetics, cleanliness (bathe 3 times a day), shaved bodies, wigs
main food is beer and bread
Grow many crops: emmer, barley, flax, lentils, onion, beans, and millet
common building made of sun-dried mud bricks - up to three stories in height
Four social classes - slaves on the bottom
Most common job … farming 1 2 3 4 5 6

33. IV. Farmers in Egypt 1 2 3 4 5 6

34. IV. Hieroglyphics Language is written without vowels
Different pronunciations
MNFR as Memphis
SR as Osiris
TTMS as either Thutmose, Thutmosis, Tatmusa or Atithmese
Who learns this writing style? 1 2 3 4 5 6

35. IV. Hieroglyphics Use in temples Rosetta Stone
Napoleon and Egyptology. 1 2 3 4 5 6

36. Egyptian Farmers & animals
IV. Egyptian Artwork
Stela (carved stone)
Egyptian Farmers & animals
Notice, all people drawn from the side – even when looking right at you! 1 2 3 4 5 6

37. V. Middle Kingdom BCE
End of civil wars, farming and trade return
move capital south to Upper Egypt (Thebes)
public improvements
drain swamps, canal to Red Sea
belief in afterlife expands to include common people
tombs instead of pyramids
better protection for mummies. 1 2 3 4 5 6

38. V. Middle Kingdom BCE 1 2 3 4 5 6

39. VI. New Kingdom BCE
Ahmose I expelled the invading Hyksos and reunited Egypt
Known as the Empire period
development of “public” and “private” zones at temples. 1 2 3 4 5 6

40. Ahmose I leading Egyptians against the Hyksos1 2 3 4 5 6

41. VI. New Kingdom BCE
Characterized by a more militaristic and imperialistic nature
incorporated chariot, bronze working, horses
development of a professional army
became a slave based economy fueled by war and expansion 1 2 3 4 5 6

42. VI. Threats to Tradition
Amenhotep IV (c B.C.) introduced the worship of Aton, god of the sun disk, as the chief god and pursued his worship with enthusiasm.
Changed name to Akhenaten (“It is well with Aton”)
He closed the temples of other gods and especially endeavored to lessen the power of Amon-Re and his priesthood at Thebes. 1 2 3 4 5 6

43. VI. Threats to Tradition 1355-1335 BCE
Nefertiti
Wife of Akhenaton the only pharaoh to even partially reject polytheism
political move against priests of Amon-Re
moved capital to Amarna
worshipped Aton, the sun disk
royal inbreeding. 1 2 3 4 5 6

44. VI. Tutankhamen 1335-1325 BCE (King Tut) child ruler
ruled nine years, died at 18
young death meant burial in the tomb of a lesser person (noble) resulting in preservation 1 2 3 4 5 6

45. VI. Ramses II (1279-1213) greatest New Kingdom ruler
military leader of Egypt
expanded into southern Turkey
built many monuments to himself
last gasp of Egyptian power. 1 2 3 4 5 6

46. VI. Ramses II ( ) 1 2 3 4 5 6

47. VI. Ramses II ( ) 1 2 3 4 5 6