1. Federalists vs. Republicans
John Adams and the Federalists were in power after President Washington’s term. Thomas Jefferson and the Democratic –Republicans formed an opposition party because they were upset with the Alien & Sedition Acts and a “Quasi-War” with France.
What was Thomas Jefferson’s party?
Which party did farmers and Southerners generally support?
Why did Jefferson form an opposition party?

3. Election of 1800 Federalists Democratic –Republican John Adams
1st sitting president who had to seriously campaign to keep his job
Charles Pinckney
Picked because of success from XYZ Affair
Democratic –Republican
Thomas Jefferson
VP who really wants to be POTUS
Aaron Burr
Popular politician within Democratic –Republican party

4. Review:
Adams and Jefferson were both founding fathers and friends prior to Adams becoming President.
Adams (a loose constructionist), and he infuriated Jefferson(a strict constructionist) when he passed the Alien and Sedition Acts.
Jefferson believed that the Acts were a violation of the 1st amendment.

5. Election of 1800 This was the nation’s first real election campaign.
Unlike today where candidates travel the country and ask people to vote for them, in 1800 the candidates gave their views to important people and newspapers.
The election got nasty! Each side published malicious lies about the other in the newspapers.

6. Election of 1800 Breakdown Thomas Jefferson - 73 electoral votes
Aaron Burr electoral votes
John Adams electoral votes
Problem:
If there is a tie for 1st, who wins?
Who becomes VPOTUS?
It goes to the House of Representatives to pick from the top 2 candidates!

7. In the case of a tie…House of Representatives picks the new POTUS
In the H of Reps
Most of the majority political party is the Federalists:
They refuse to vote for TJ
They pick Burr just because they hate Thomas Jefferson
The Democratic-Republican’s make up the rest
They vote for Jefferson
What happens?
It’s a tie vote 35 straight times…

8. Enter Alexander Hamilton
Because he hated Aaron Burr so much…
He got the Federalists to not vote at all
That way Jefferson could win!
Becomes 3rd POTUS
Aaron Burr is furious
He becomes VPOTUS
Because of this….
Aaron Burr and Hamilton will be lifelong enemies…
Until one shoots the other.

9. Jefferson defeats Adams
Democratic- Republicans take power
1st peaceful transition of parties

10. The U.S. Constitution gets a new amendment
12th amendment
Added in 1803
Created 2 ballots for presidential elections:
1 for POTUS
1 for VPOTUS
That way there can never be a tie again….we hope.

11. Focus Question
1. Why did the election lead to the Twelfth Amendment? p.267

12. Focus Question
1. Why did the election lead to the Twelfth Amendment? p.267
Answer:
Because Jefferson and Burr tied, it showed the need
to have separate tickets or ballots for president
and vice president.

13. Focus Question
1. Why were the judges that Adams appointed called “midnight judges?

14. Focus Question
1. Why were the judges that Adams appointed called “midnight judges?
Answer:
The Judiciary Act of 1801 allowed Adams the
opportunity to appoint sixteen new federal judges
the night before he left office: thus the label
“midnight judges.”

15. The Duel at Dawn…July 11, 1804
After continued conflict with Hamilton, Aaron Burr challenges Hamilton to the duel
They are to meet in New Jersey
Rules of duel:
They will march off 10 paces
They will turn and present arms
On command, they will fire at each other

16. The Death of Alexander Hamilton
Hamilton shoots the tree next to Burr
Burr shoots Hamilton in the chest
He dies the next day
With his death and John Adams retirement the Federalist party ends.
The Jefferson Era begins!

17. 1st President inaugurated in DC
Outlines his essential principles of a more limited government
“We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.”

18. Lets the Alien & Sedition Acts expire
Cuts all internal taxes
Uses tariffs and sales of Western land to reduce the National Debt

19. Issue goes to the Supreme Court
Jefferson had James Madison refuse to give a commission to one of John Adams’ “midnight judges”
Issue goes to the Supreme Court
Establishes the concept of “Judicial Review”
The Court may decide if a law is constitutional or not
*Adams worked to appoint as many judges as possible before Jefferson took office. This was Adams’s attempt to make sure the Federalist controlled the courts.
Jefferson asked Secretary of State Madison to withhold the papers needed to appoint these judges. One judge, William Marbury, took the issue to the Supreme Court. The court decided it did not have the jurisdiction or legal power to force Madison to deliver the papers. Marbury v. Madison set up the principle of judicial review.

20. Owned by France (at war with England)
New Orleans controls the entire Mississippi River
Haitian Revolution makes the territory less valuable to France
Jefferson learned that France had a secret agreement with Spain, and that France had gained control of the Louisiana Territory. Napoleon wanted to rule Europe and North America, but when slaved successfully revolted in Santo Domingo (Haiti) he lost interest in colonies. He also needed money to continue his wars in Europe. He decided to sell the Louisiana Territory.

21. Jefferson is not sure if it’s Constitutional
Uses his treaty-making power
$15 million ( today $250 million) to double the size of the US
Ratified by the Senate in 1803

22. Focus Questions 1. List the two nations that controlled Louisiana
and New Orleans in p.273
2. Why did Jefferson want to buy New Orleans
from France? (Three Answers)

23. Focus Questions 1. List the two nations that controlled Louisiana
and New Orleans in p.273
2. Why did Jefferson want to buy New Orleans
from France? (Three Answers)
Answers:
1. Spain, France
2. - New Orleans was a huge trade center during this time
- Doubled the size of the United States (Provided more land
for farmers)
- Protect shipping/trade on the Mississippi River

24. Goals for the new territory
Collect information about the land
Learn about plants and animals
Suggest sites for forts
Find a Northwest Passage, or water route, across North America to Asia

25. Lewis & Clark hired to explore & find Northwest Passage
Sacajawea brought on as guide
Reach Pacific in Nov. 1805
Open the way to settlement & claim on Oregon Territory
The group returned in 1806, and their findings encouraged others to want to move west.

26. Focus Question 1. List some of the challenges Lewis and Clark faced on
their expedition.

27. Focus Question 1. List some of the challenges Lewis and Clark faced on
their expedition.
Answers:
Traveling/Transportation issues
Fear of hostile attack from the Native Americans
(Communication Issues)
Sleep deprivation/possible diseases from insects
Food and supply shortages
Weather issues

28. Focus Question 1. Why do think Lewis and Clark asked Sacagawea and her
husband to go on the expedition with them?
Please provide two examples to support your answer p.276

29. Focus Question 1. Why do think Lewis and Clark asked Sacagawea and her
husband to go on the expedition with them?
Please provide two examples to support your answer p.276
Possible Answers:
Help Lewis and Clark find edible food (plants, animals)
Help guide them through the tough terrain
Used them as interpreters to help prevent possible attacks
from the Native Americans

30. The Jefferson Era: A Time Of Conflict
Because France and Britain were at war, they kept their merchant ships at home.
This allowed American merchants less competition.
American ships sailed along the North African cost and were at risk for attack by pirates.

31. Jefferson sent the USS Philadelphia & orders a blockade of Tripoli.
Barbary pirates from North Africa attack US ships & demand tributes. One of these countries was Tripoli.
Jefferson sent the USS Philadelphia & orders a blockade of Tripoli.
In 1804, the pirates took control of the USS Philadelphia.
US Navy burned the ship so the pirates couldn’t use it.
What is a tribute? Page 133 of workbook

32. The pirates sign a treaty which ends tributes to Tripoli.
Jefferson sent the USS Constitution to blockade and assault Tripoli forts.
The pirates sign a treaty which ends tributes to Tripoli.
The US would continue to pay tributes to other Barbary states until 1816
What is a tribute? Page 133 of workbook

33. France & England’s war traps US in the middle
US ships & sailors harassed by both. In 1807, Britain fired on the US ship the Chesapeake killing three sailors. Many Americans wanted to declare war, but Jefferson did not. Asks Congress for the Embargo Act.

34. The Embargo Act Fails
Act blocks trade against both countries; but really only hurts US merchants
In 1809, Congress ends the Embargo Act and replaces it with the Nonintercourse Act
This new law only stopped trade with Britain and France; it also failed.

35. Jefferson Era Comes to and End: Election of 1808
Jefferson did not run for a third term
Election of 1808
Candidates were:
Republican candidate James Madison
Federalist candidate Charles Pinckney

36. Jefferson’s hand-picked successor James Madison becomes the next President
Jefferson renews friendship with friend and political rival, John Adams
Both die on July 4, the 50th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence
On July 4, 1826, at the age of 90, Adams lay on his deathbed while the country celebrated Independence Day. His last words were “Thomas Jefferson still survives”. He was mistaken: Jefferson had died five hours earlier at Monticello at the age of 82.- history.com

37. How many modern day states did the Corps of Discovery pass through?
2. About how many miles do you think their expedition was?
3. Why do you think their trip was not a simple straight line to the west?