1. Creating Foreign Policy
Chapter 9, Section 2

2. Change in France
The French king, Louis XIV ( ), often called the “Sun King” held absolute power. His subjects and nobles lived in fear of their king.
However, by the end of the century the Sun King’s grandson struggled to control his subjects.

3. The Violence Erupts The nobles of France convinced the poor to rebel
against King Louis XVI.
Paris was in upheaval; the people rioted, demolishing the Bastille and carrying soldiers’ heads around on pikes.
In the country peasants attacked castles and overthrew the nobles, ending French feudalism.

4. The Revolution 1789-1791: The Moderate Stage

5. The Revolution is Born
The people elected a Congress and demanded a Constitution. The King agreed and was once again loved by his people.
However, the people quickly turned against the nobles, captured many of them and guillotined them.
The King sensed the mob growing out of control and fled France but was captured.

6. 1792-1794: The Radicalization of the Revolution

7. The Radicalization
Because of the King’s betrayal, the people feared those loyal to the King would strike back.
The mob gathered thousands of people they suspected of being loyal to the King and killed them.
They also killed Louis and his family and declared France a Republic.
The King is dead.

8. The Reign of Terror and the Committee of Public Safety
Terror is henceforth the order of the day!
The new Republic sent its armies across Europe to liberate the continent.
The Republic put a committee of 12 men in power who, in turn, killed thousands of people they suspected of not being loyal.
Robespierre, a leading member of the CPS

9. War Sweeps Across Europe
The rest of Europe feared the spread of Revolution and declared war on France.
England led the fight against France, and the Americans found themselves caught in the middle.

10. American Support
At first, most Americans supported the French Revolution.
They had already struggled for their liberty and admired the Marquis de Lafayette.
We also remembered that France helped us win our own independence.
However, as the revolution became more violent many stopped supporting it.

11. Americans are Divided Many Americans continued to support the war.
Thomas Jefferson believed the violence of the French Revolution was justified.
“The Tree of Liberty must be watered from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants.”

12. The U.S. Stays Neutral
As President, Washington had to decide how to deal with the wars sweeping Europe.
France wanted Americans to give them supplies and help fight the British.
However, Washington chose to remain neutral – He did not want to disrupt U.S. relations with other countries.

13. Divisions in the Cabinet
The issue of war divided Washington’s cabinet.
Hamilton said that because the U.S. had signed a treaty with King Louis, that we no longer owed France anything.
Washington struggled to keep Americans neutral. He issued a Neutrality Proclamation in 1793 stating that the U.S. would support neither France nor Great Britain.
Jefferson was so angry that he quit as Secretary of State.
Divisions in the Cabinet

14. Struggling to Stay Neutral
It was difficult for Americans to maintain neutrality; U.S. merchants had profited from trade with the British and the French. Now they could not trade with either side.
Some merchants broke the law and continued to trade.
To make things worse, France and England both captured any American ships they found and stole their cargo.
Struggling to Stay Neutral

15. Jay’s Treaty In 1793, Britain captured more than 250 American ships.
Washington sent Chief Justice John Jay to make a treaty with England.
In the Jay Treaty, England paid the U.S. back for any American ships they had seized and agreed to leave western forts if Americans agreed to pay long-owed debts to the English.
Many Americans protested the treaty, claiming we had betrayed our French allies.

16. Washington Retires
In 1796, Washington decided not to run for a third term as President.
In Washington’s farewell address he warned Americans against being dragged into European alliances and wars. He felt that our young country must build its strength before entering world politics.

17. Political Parties Emerge
Chapter 9, Section 3

18. A Distrust of Political Parties
When George Washington became President in 1791 there were no political parties.
Most Americans thought that dividing the nation into political factions (parties) would threaten national unity.
However, by the time Washington left office, policy disputes had led American leaders to organize two major political parties to support their views.

19. Political Factions
Despite the President’s warnings, two parties grew around Hamilton and Jefferson.
Hamilton was brilliant, energetic and restless. Though born in poverty in the Caribbean, he dressed in fine clothes and was an excellent debater.
Jefferson, on the other hand, was an intelligent and wealthy planter, but dressed and spoke more like the common man.

20. Hamilton Jefferson The Economy (Federalist) (Republican)
Favored the growth of cities, manufacturing and trade.
Favored a national bank to give loans to start businesses.
Believed that farmers were the backbone of the economy.
Felt that trade and money corrupted people.
He worried that a national bank would give more power to wealthy investors.

21. Hamilton Jefferson Federal vs. State Power (Federalist) (Republican)
Wanted the federal government to have more power
He felt that this would help trade and national defense.
Wanted as small a federal government as possible.
Favored strong state governments
Jefferson felt that a strong federal government would threaten the rights of the states by taking over powers given to the states.

22. Strict or Loose Interpretation of the Constitution
Hamilton
(Federalist)
Jefferson
(Republican)
Strict or Loose Interpretation of the Constitution
Favored a loose interpretation.
Hamilton did not feel that we had to follow the Constitution exactly as it was written.
He said that the Constitution gave Congress the power to make “all laws necessary and proper” to carry out its duties.
Favored a strict interpretation.
Thought that any power not specifically given to the federal government in the Constitution belonged to the states.

23. Hamilton Jefferson Britain or France (Federalist) (Republican)
Hamilton favored allying with Britain.
He knew that close ties with the British would help American trade and boost our economy.
Jefferson favored France.
France had been our major ally against the English during the revolution.
Jefferson had also lived in France as an ambassador, and wanted to help them in their revolution.

24. Political Factions
At first, Hamilton and Jefferson argued in private, but as Congress began to pass more and more of Hamilton’s programs, Jefferson began to secretly recruit politicians to his side.
Jefferson’s party was called the Democratic Republicans (or Republicans for short.)
Most Republicans were small farmers or common workers.

25. Political Factions
Hamilton Federalist party wanted a stronger federal government.
Most Federalists were merchants, manufacturers or plantation owners.
Federalists had strong support in the north. Republicans were strong in the south.
As can be seen by the map, different interests and political views were dividing regions of the country.

26. Newspapers Take Sides
By the late 1700’s, many Americans had learned to read.
Newspapers were more popular than ever, and many news editors were loyal to either Hamilton or Jefferson.
Newspapers often misled readers by printing rumors or lies against politicians.
By the time of the next election (1796) many Americans had joined a political party.

27. Election of 1796
Washington decided not to run for a third term in 1796.
The Republicans chose Thomas Jefferson as their presidential candidate; the Federalists named John Adams as their candidate.
John Adams won the election with Washington’s support, becoming the second President of the U.S.
Jefferson came in second, making him Vice President, despite being Adams’ political enemy. The next four years were very tense ones between the two men.